Month: October 2022

Liao, Wen; Ning, Yu; Xu, Hai-Jia; Zou, Wen-Zhong; Hu, Jing; Liu, Xiang-Zhong; Yang, Yi; Li, Zhang-Hua published the artcile< BMSC-derived exosomes carrying microRNA-122-5p promote proliferation of osteoblasts in osteonecrosis of the femoral head>, COA of Formula: C30H30Cl2N6O2, the main research area is osteonecrosis microRNA osteoblast proliferation femoral head; RTK/Ras/MAPK signaling pathway; bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; exosome; microRNA-122-5p; osteonecrosis of the femoral head; sprouty2.

The current study aims to explore the role of bone marrow (BM) MSCs (BMSCs)-derived exosomes carrying microRNA-122-5p (miR-122-5p) in ONFH rabbit models. First, rabbit models with ONFH were established. ONFH-related miRNAs were screened using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. A gain-of-function study was performed to investigate the effect of miR-122-5p on osteoblasts and BMSCs and effects of exosomes carrying miR-122-5p on ONFH. Co-culture experiments for osteoblasts and BMSCs were performed to examine the role of exosomal miR-122-5p in osteoblast proliferation and osteogenesis. The target relationship between miR-122-5p and Sprouty2 (SPRY2) was tested. MiR-122, significantly decreased in ONFH in the GSE89587 expression profile, was screened. MiR-122-5p neg. regulated SPRY2 and elevated the activity of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), thereby promoting the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts. In vivo experiments indicated that bone mineral d. (BMD), trabecular bone volume (TBV), and mean trabecular plate thickness (MTPT) of femoral head were increased after over-expressing miR-122-5p in exosomes. Significant healing of necrotic femoral head was also observed Exosomes carrying over-expressed miR-122-5p attenuated ONFH development by down-regulating SPRY2 via the RTK/Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Findings in the present study may provide miR-122-5p as a novel biomarker for ONFH treatment.

Clinical Science published new progress about Animal gene, HLA-DR Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 6823-69-4 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C30H30Cl2N6O2, COA of Formula: C30H30Cl2N6O2.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Yang, Jin; Cao, Lu-Lu; Wang, Xi-Peng; Guo, Wei; Guo, Ruo-Bing; Sun, Yu-Qin; Xue, Teng-Fei; Cai, Zhen-Yu; Ji, Juan; Cheng, Hong; Sun, Xiu-Lan published the artcile< Neuronal extracellular vesicle derived miR-98 prevents salvageable neurons from microglial phagocytosis in acute ischemic stroke>, Formula: C30H30Cl2N6O2, the main research area is ischemic stroke neuron extracellular vesicle microRNA98 microglia phagocytosis.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as a novel intercellular communication carrier transferring cargo microRNAs (miRNAs), could play important roles in the brain remodeling process after ischemic stroke. However, the detailed mechanisms involved in EVs derived miRNAs-mediated cellular interactions in the brain remain unclear. Several studies indicated that microRNA-98 (miR-98) might participate in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Here, we showed that expression of miR-98 in penumbra field kept up on the first day but dropped sharply on the 3rd day after ischemic stroke in rats, indicating that miR-98 could function as an endogenous protective factor post-ischemia. Overexpression of miR-98 targeted inhibiting platelet activating factor receptor-mediated microglial phagocytosis to attenuate neuronal death. Furthermore, we showed that neurons transferred miR-98 to microglia via EVs secretion after ischemic stroke, to prevent the stress-but-viable neurons from microglial phagocytosis. Therefore, we reveal that EVs derived miR-98 act as an intercellular signal mediating neurons and microglia communication during the brain remodeling after ischemic stroke. The present work provides a novel insight into the roles of EVs in the stroke pathogenesis and a new EVs-miRNAs-based therapeutic strategy for stroke.

Cell Death & Disease published new progress about Allograft inflammatory factor 1 Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 6823-69-4 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C30H30Cl2N6O2, Formula: C30H30Cl2N6O2.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Hu, Miao; Lin, Zidong; Li, Jianxiao; Wu, Wanqing; Jiang, Huanfeng published the artcile< Palladium-catalyzed ionic liquid-accelerated oxidative annulation of acetylenic oximes with unactivated long-chain enols>, Formula: C6H9ClN2O2, the main research area is isoxazole regioselective green preparation; oxime acetylenic enol oxidative annulation alkylation tandem palladium catalyst; allyl alc oxime oxidative annulation allylation tandem palladium catalyst.

A method was developed for the synthesis of isoxazoles such as I [R1 = H, Me, 4-BrC6H4, etc.; R2 = Pr, cyclopentyl, 4-MeC6H4, etc.; R3 = H, Br, n-Pr, etc.; X = CH2, O; n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5] via palladium-catalyzed ionic liquid-accelerated oxidative cascade annulation/functionalization of acetylenic oximes with unactivated long chain enols/allylic alcs. under aerobic conditions. This newly developed protocol provides the rapid and straightforward synthetic strategy for the assembly of structurally diverse isoxazole architectures under mild conditions with high atom- and step-economy and exceptional functional group tolerance. Notably, the ionic liquid acts as not only a solvent in the reaction but also provided the excess halide ions to eliminate hydrochloride from acetylenic oximes. Moreover, this catalytic system could be recycled up to eight times and reused without significant loss of the catalytic activity.

Green Chemistry published new progress about Alcohols, unsaturated Role: RCT (Reactant), RACT (Reactant or Reagent). 700370-07-6 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C6H9ClN2O2, Formula: C6H9ClN2O2.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Ohba, Masashi; Mukaihira, Takafumi; Fujii, Tozo published the artcile< Preparatory study for the synthesis of the starfish alkaloid imbricatine. Syntheses of 5-arylthio-3-methyl-L-histidines>, HPLC of Formula: 1003-21-0, the main research area is asym synthesis arylthiomethylhistidine; histidine arylthio asym synthesis; formal synthesis starfish alkaloid imbricatine; ovothiol A C formal synthesis.

Chiral syntheses of 3-methyl-5-(arylthio)-L-histidines I (R = Ph, 1-naphthyl), selected as models for the asteroid alkaloid imbricatine, have been accomplished through a 10-step route starting from 4(5)-bromoimidazole (II). The key steps involved were methylation of II, hydroxymethylation of 4-bromo-1-methyl-1H-imidazole, replacement of the 4-bromo group by an arylthio group, and introduction of a chiral α-amino acid moiety into the chlorides III by the bislactim ether method. The synthesis of 4-(4-methoxybenzyl)thio analog III (R = 4-MeOC6H4CH2), carried out in a similar manner, concluded formal syntheses of ovothiols A and C.

Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin published new progress about Stereoselective synthesis. 1003-21-0 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C4H5BrN2, HPLC of Formula: 1003-21-0.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Xia, Chengjie; Xu, Weiming; Ai, Xin; Zhu, Yingqi; Geng, Ping; Niu, Yijun; Zhu, Haiyan; Zhou, Wei; Huang, Hai; Shi, Xunlong published the artcile< Autophagy and exosome coordinately enhance macrophage M1 polarization and recruitment in influenza A virus infection>, SDS of cas: 6823-69-4, the main research area is influenza A virus infection autophagy exosome macrophage M1 polarization; CD63; LC3; influenza; macrophage; polarization.

Influenza A virus infection results in viral pneumonia, which is often accompanied by the infiltration and recruitment of macrophages, overactivation of inflammatory responses, and obvious cell autophagy and exosome production However, little is known about the roles of autophagy and exosome production in these inflammatory responses. In this study, multiple methods, such as flow cytometry, real-time quant. reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immune-fluorescence technol., and western blot, were applied to explore the possible effects of autophagy and exosome production by H1N1-infected host cells. It was observed that a high number of polarized macrophages (CD11b+/F4/80+/ CD86+) were recruited to the lung tissues of infected mice, which could be mimicked by tracking the movement of macrophages to H1N1-infected cells in vitro (transwell assays). Furthermore, there was some coordinated upregulation of M1 polarization signs (iNOS/Arg-1 bias) as well as autophagy (LC3) and exosome (CD63) biomarkers in the infected macrophages and epithelial cells. Moreover, exosomes extracted from the supernatant of virus-infected cells were shown to promote the recruitment and polarization of more peritoneal macrophages than the normal group. The fluorescence colocalization of LC3-CD63 and the inhibition of autophagy and exosome signaling pathway further revealed that H1N1 infection seemed to sequentially activate the M1 polarization and recruitment of macrophages via autophagy-exosome dependent pathway. Autophagy and exosome production coordinately enhance the M1 polarization and recruitment of macrophages in influenza virus infection, which also provides potential therapeutic targets.

Frontiers in Immunology published new progress about Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor E1 Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 6823-69-4 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C30H30Cl2N6O2, SDS of cas: 6823-69-4.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Li, Yuqing; Liu, Juewen published the artcile< Highly Specific Recognition of Guanosine Using Engineered Base-Excised Aptamers>, Related Products of 452-06-2, the main research area is guanosine base excised aptamers sodium secondary structure; DNA structures; aptamers; biosensors; fluorescence; nucleobases.

Purines and their derivatives are highly important mols. in biol. for nucleic acid synthesis, energy storage, and signaling. Although many DNA aptamers have been obtained for binding adenine derivatives such as adenosine, adenosine monophosphate, and ATP, success for the specific binding of guanosine has been limited. Instead of performing new aptamer selections, we report herein a base-excision strategy to engineer existing aptamers to bind guanosine. Both a Na+-binding aptamer and the classical adenosine aptamer have been manipulated as base-excising scaffolds. A total of seven guanosine aptamers were designed, of which the G16-deleted Na+ aptamer showed the highest bindng specificity and affinity for guanosine with an apparent dissociation constant of 0.78 mM. Single monophosphate difference in the target mol. was also recognizable. The generality of both the aptamer scaffold and excised site were systematically studied. Overall, this work provides a few guanosine binding aptamers by using a non-SELEX method. It also provides deeper insights into the engineering of aptamers for mol. recognition.

Chemistry – A European Journal published new progress about DNA aptamers Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, Related Products of 452-06-2.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Young, Simon A.; Smith, Terry K. published the artcile< The essential neutral sphingomyelinase is involved in the trafficking of the variant surface glycoprotein in the bloodstream form of Trypanosoma brucei>, Synthetic Route of 6823-69-4, the main research area is neutral sphingomyelinase trafficking variant surface glycoprotein Trypanosoma drug target.

Sphingomyelin is the main sphingolipid in Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of African sleeping sickness. In vitro and in vivo characterization of the T. brucei neutral sphingomyelinase demonstrates that it is directly involved in sphingomyelin catabolism. Gene knockout studies in the bloodstream form of the parasite indicate that the neutral sphingomyelinase is essential for growth and survival, thus highlighting that the de novo biosynthesis of ceramide is unable to compensate for the loss of sphingomyelin catabolism. The phenotype of the conditional knockout has given new insights into the highly active endocytic and exocytic pathways in the bloodstream form of T. brucei. Hence, the formation of ceramide in the endoplasmic reticulum affects post-Golgi sorting and rate of deposition of newly synthesized GPI-anchored variant surface glycoprotein on the cell surface. This directly influences the corresponding rate of endocytosis, via the recycling endosomes, of pre-existing cell surface variant surface glycoprotein. The trypanosomes use this coupled endocytic and exocytic mechanism to maintain the cell d. of its crucial variant surface glycoprotein protective coat. TbnSMase is therefore genetically validated as a drug target against African trypanosomes, and suggests that interfering with the endocytic transport of variant surface glycoprotein is a highly desirable strategy for drug development against African trypanosomasis.

Molecular Microbiology published new progress about Biological transport. 6823-69-4 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C30H30Cl2N6O2, Synthetic Route of 6823-69-4.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Bethel, Paul A.; Campbell, Andrew D.; Goldberg, Frederick W.; Kemmitt, Paul D.; Lamont, Gillian M.; Suleman, Abid published the artcile< Optimized scale up of 3-pyrimidinylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine via Suzuki coupling; a general method of accessing a range of 3-(hetero)arylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines>, Computed Properties of 1003-21-0, the main research area is Suzuki coupling pyrazolopyridine boronic ester; pyrazolopyridine heteroaryl aryl preparation.

We have developed an improved synthesis of 3-(hetero)aryl pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines [such as 3-(2,5-dichloropyrimidin-4-yl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine (I)] via an optimized synthesis and Suzuki coupling of 3-pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine boronic ester (II). These conditions are applicable to both high throughput chem. and large scale synthesis of these medicinally important compounds The scope of this chem. has been further extended to include the synthesis and coupling of a novel boronic ester, 3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrazolo[5,1-b][1,3]oxazine.

Tetrahedron published new progress about Heterocyclic compounds Role: RCT (Reactant), RACT (Reactant or Reagent) (halo). 1003-21-0 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C4H5BrN2, Computed Properties of 1003-21-0.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Nejad, Maryam Imani; Price, Nathan E.; Haldar, Tuhin; Lewis, Calvin; Wang, Yinsheng; Gates, Kent S. published the artcile< Interstrand DNA cross-links derived from reaction of a 2-aminopurine residue with an abasic site>, Electric Literature of 452-06-2, the main research area is interstrand DNA crosslink derived reaction aminopurine abasic.

Efficient methods for the site-specific installation of structurally-defined interstrand crosslinks in duplex DNA may be useful in a wide variety of fields. The work described here developed a high-yield synthesis of chem. stable interstrand crosslinks resulting from a reductive amination reaction between an abasic site and the noncanonical nucleobase 2-aminopurine in duplex DNA. Results from footprinting, LC-MS, and stability studies support the formation of an N2-alkylamine attachment between the 2-aminopurine residue and the Ap site. The reaction performs best when the 2-aminopurine residue on the opposing strand is offset 1 nt to the 5′-side of the abasic site. The crosslink confers substantial resistance to thermal denaturation (melting). The crosslinking reaction is fast (complete in 4 h), employs only com. available reagents, and can be used to generate crosslinked duplexes in sufficient quantities for biophys., structural, and DNA repair studies.

ACS Chemical Biology published new progress about DNA damage. 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, Electric Literature of 452-06-2.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Czernecki, Dariusz; Legrand, Pierre; Tekpinar, Mustafa; Rosario, Sandrine; Kaminski, Pierre-Alexandre; Delarue, Marc published the artcile< How cyanophage S-2L rejects adenine and incorporates 2-aminoadenine to saturate hydrogen bonding in its DNA>, Recommanded Product: 7H-Purin-2-amine, the main research area is .

Abstract: Bacteriophages have long been known to use modified bases in their DNA to prevent cleavage by the host′s restriction endonucleases. Among them, cyanophage S-2L is unique because its genome has all its adenines (A) systematically replaced by 2-aminoadenines (Z). Here, we identify a member of the PrimPol family as the sole possible polymerase of S-2L and we find it can incorporate both A and Z in front of a T. Its crystal structure at 1.5 Å resolution confirms that there is no structural element in the active site that could lead to the rejection of A in front of T. To resolve this contradiction, we show that a nearby gene is a triphosphohydolase specific of dATP (DatZ), that leaves intact all other dNTPs, including dZTP. This explains the absence of A in S-2L genome. Crystal structures of DatZ with various ligands, including one at sub-angstrom resolution, allow to describe its mechanism as a typical two-metal-ion mechanism and to set the stage for its engineering.

Nature Communications published new progress about 452-06-2. 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, Recommanded Product: 7H-Purin-2-amine.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem