Month: October 2022

Brovarets, Ol′ha O.; Hovorun, Dmytro M. published the artcile< Key microstructural mechanisms of the 2-aminopurine mutagenicity: Results of extensive quantum-chemical research>, HPLC of Formula: 452-06-2, the main research area is review quantum 2aminopurine mutagenicity tautomerization; 2-Aminopurine; H-bond: hydrogen bond; Watson–Crick↔wobble mutagenic tautomerization; induced mutation; quantum-chemical calculation; transition; transversion.

A review. As of today, a great amount of exptl. and theor. phenomenol. data have been collected in the literature according the mutagenic action of the classical mutagen – 2-aminopurine (2AP). However, so far they have not received proper explanation and substantiation. In this Opinion Piece, we provide an overview of recent progress in computational design and modeling of the physico-chem. mechanisms of the mutagenic action of 2AP. Results of quantum-chem. studies, aimed at the elucidation of the key microstructural mechanisms of the mutagenicity of 2AP, have been summarized here. In this context, for the first time it was outlined the most important surveys: Why 2AP is incorporated into DNA in trace concentrations? Whether classical mechanisms presented in the literature according the formation of the rare tautomers of canonical DNA bases work also for base analog – 2AP? In what way 2AP induces replication and incorporation errors? Whether the amino-imino tautomerisation of 2AP is related to its mutagenicity, that is whether the 2AP* rare tautomer is mutagenic? It is emphasized that the applied approach has a proper theor. substantiation, since it is based on our microstructural theory of the spontaneous point mutagenesis in DNA, and at the same time it accumulates scenarios of the origin of the induced point errors – transitions and transversions, which the classical Watson-Crick tautomeric hypothesis permits. Moreover, using author′s methodol., the profiles of the main physico-chem. characteristics for the tautomerisation reactions involving 2AP, which are integral parts of the biol. important tautomerically-conformational transformations, have been presented. Obtained results open new perspectives for prediction and design of the mutagenic derivatives of the nucleotide bases of any structure and origin before their synthesis and also for planning of new experiments and interpretation of the existing data. Abbreviations2AP2-AminopurineAadenineCcytosineDPTdouble proton transferGguanineIRCintrinsic reaction coordinateKPkey pointTthyminewwobbleWCWatson-CrickvdWvan der WaalsH-bondhydrogen bondCommunicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics published new progress about DNA Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, HPLC of Formula: 452-06-2.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Wu, Yunfei; Li, Jun; Yuan, Rui; Deng, Zihui; Wu, Xu published the artcile< Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes alleviate hyperoxia-induced lung injury via the manipulation of microRNA-425>, Quality Control of 6823-69-4, the main research area is microRNA425 PTEN TSG101 CD34 GW4869 hyperoxia induced lung injury; Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes; Hyperoxia-induced lung injury; PI3K/AKT signaling Pathway; PTEN; microRNA-425.

Hyperoxia-induced lung injury (HILI) is an acute lung injury (LI) induced by extended periods of exposure to hyperoxia. Alleviating LI by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BMSCs-Exos) and microRNAs (miRs) has been previously reported. This study is devised to probe the interaction between BMSCs-Exos and miR-425 in HILI. Firstly, BMSCs-Exos were isolated and identified. Then, HILI rat models and RLE-6TN cell models were successfully established and treated by BMSCs-Exos. Afterwards, functional assays were conducted to explore cell biol. behaviors in models, with miR-425 expression detected. Then, the target relation between miR-425 and PTEN was clarified by luciferase reporter assay. Eventually, expression of PTEN and the PI3K/Akt axis was assessed by Western blotting and qRT-PCR. BMSCs-Exos promoted miR-425 expression and attenuated HILI and H2O2 induced RLE-6TN cell injury as evidence by alleviated lung cell injury, decreased TUNEL-pos. cells, induced cell viability and declined apoptosis (all p < 0.05). Besides, when miR-425 was knocked-down, the protective role of BMSCs-Exos in HILI was also reduced (all p < 0.05). miR-425 targeted PTEN mRNA, whose upregulation reversed the protective role of BMSCs-Exos in HILI (all p < 0.05). BMSCs-Exos improved the quenched levels of the PI3K/AKT axis in HILI (all p < 0.05). Our data supported that miR-425 in BMSCs-Exos inhibits HILI by targeting PTEN and upregulating the PI3K/AKT axis. This study may provide personalized interventions for HILI remedy. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics published new progress about Adipogenesis. 6823-69-4 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C30H30Cl2N6O2, Quality Control of 6823-69-4.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Xu, Xiaochen; Egger, Michaela; Chen, Hao; Bartosik, Karolina; Micura, Ronald published the artcile< Insights into xanthine riboswitch structure and metal ion-mediated ligand recognition>, Related Products of 452-06-2, the main research area is xanthine riboswitch NMT1 metal ion mediated ligand recognition.

Riboswitches are conserved functional domains in mRNA that mostly exist in bacteria. They regulate gene expression in response to varying concentrations of metabolites or metal ions. Recently, the NMT1 RNA motif has been identified to selectively bind xanthine and uric acid, resp., both are involved in the metabolic pathway of purine degradation Here, we report a crystal structure of this RNA bound to xanthine. Overall, the riboswitch exhibits a rod-like, continuously stacked fold composed of three stems and two internal junctions. The binding-pocket is determined by the highly conserved junctional sequence J1 between stem P1 and P2a, and engages a long-distance Watson-Crick base pair to junction J2. Xanthine inserts between a G-U pair from the major groove side and is sandwiched between base triples. Strikingly, a Mg2+ ion is inner-sphere coordinated to O6 of xanthine and a non-bridging oxygen of a backbone phosphate. Two further hydrated Mg2+ ions participate in extensive interactions between xanthine and the pocket. Our structure model is verified by ligand binding anal. to selected riboswitch mutants using isothermal titration calorimetry, and by fluorescence spectroscopic anal. of RNA folding using 2-aminopurine-modified variants. Together, our study highlights the principles of metal ion-mediated ligand recognition by the xanthine riboswitch.

Nucleic Acids Research published new progress about Crystal structure. 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, Related Products of 452-06-2.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Peh, Guang-Rong; Kantchev, Eric Assen B.; Zhang, Chi; Ying, Jackie Y. published the artcile< N-Heterocycle carbene (NHC)-ligated cyclopalladated N,N-dimethylbenzylamine: A highly active, practical and versatile catalyst for the Heck-Mizoroki reaction>, SDS of cas: 1003-21-0, the main research area is palladium dimethylbenzylamine mesitylimidazolylidene catalyst Heck.

A protocol for the Heck-Mizoroki reaction mediated by cyclopalladated N,N-dimethylbenzylamine ligated with a N-heterocyclic carbene, 1,3-bis(mesityl)imidazol-2-ylidene (IMes), is reported. The precatalyst can be synthesized on ∼100 g scale by a tri-component, sequential, one-pot reaction of N,N-dimethylbenzylamine, PdCl2 and IMes·HCl in refluxing acetonitrile in air in the presence of K2CO3. This single component catalyst is stable to air, moisture and long term storage and can be conveniently dispensed as a stock solution in NMP. It mediates the Heck-Mizoroki reaction of a range of aryl and heteroaryl bromides in reagent grade NMP at the 0.1-2 mol% range without the need for rigorous anhydrous techniques or a glove box, and is active even in air. The catalyst is capable of achieving very high levels of catalytic activity (TON of up to 5.22 × 105) for the coupling of a deactivated aryl bromide, p-bromoanisole, with tert.-Bu acrylate as a benchmark substrate pair. A wide range of aryl bromides, iodides and, for the first time with a NHC-Pd catalyst, a triflate was coupled with diverse acrylate derivatives (nitrile, tert-Bu ester and amides) and styrene derivatives The use of excess (>2 equivalent) of the aryl bromide and tert-Bu acrylate leads to mixture of tert-Bu β,β-diarylacrylate and tert-Bu cinnamate derivatives depending on the substitution pattern of the aryl bromide. Electron rich m- and p-substituted aryl bromides give the diarylated products exclusively, whereas electron-poor aryl bromides give predominantly mono-arylated products. For o-substituted aryl bromides, no doubly arylated products could be obtained under any conditions. Overall, the active catalyst (IMes-Pd) shows higher activity with electron-rich aryl halides, a marked difference compared with the more commonly used phosphane-Pd or non-ligated Pd catalysts.

Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry published new progress about Heck reaction. 1003-21-0 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C4H5BrN2, SDS of cas: 1003-21-0.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Kang, Ying; Li, Yulan; Xu, Ying; Ji, Zhizhong published the artcile< Studies on synthesis of 2-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-5-aminomethylcyclopentanone derivatives and their antiinflammatory activity>, Recommanded Product: 2-(tert-Butyl)-1H-imidazole, the main research area is cyclopentanone methoxybenzylidene antiinflammatory preparation.

The synthesis of 2-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-5-aminomethylcyclopentanone derivatives and their antiinflammatory activities were studied. Ten new derivatives of 2-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-5-aminomethylcyclopentanonee were prepared The structures of these compounds were confirmed by spectral methods and their antiinflammatory activities were examined by carrageenin-induced rat paw edema test. The amino exchange was an elimination-addition reaction.

Journal of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences published new progress about Anti-inflammatory agents. 36947-69-0 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C7H12N2, Recommanded Product: 2-(tert-Butyl)-1H-imidazole.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Su, Zhen; Yuan, Yanggang; Yu, Manshu; Liu, Yan; Klein, Janet D.; Wang, Xiaonan H. published the artcile< Electrically stimulated acupuncture increases renal blood flow through exosome-carried miR-181>, Computed Properties of 6823-69-4, the main research area is renal blood flow exosome microRNA 181 acupuncture; Acu/LFES; angiotensinogen; exosome; microRNA; renal blood flow.

Acupuncture with low-frequency elec. stimulation (Acu/LFES) can prevent muscle atrophy by increasing muscle protein anabolism in mouse models of chronic kidney disease. During the treatment of muscle wasting, we found that Acu/LFES on the gastrocnemius muscle of the leg enhances renal blood flow. We also found that Acu/LFES increases exosome abundance and alters exosome-associated microRNA expression in the circulation. When exosome secretion was blocked using GW4869, the Acu/LFES-induced increase in renal blood flow was limited. This provided evidence that the increased renal blood flow is exosome mediated. To identify how exosomes regulate renal blood flow, we performed microRNA deep sequencing in exosomes isolated from treated and untreated mouse serum and found that the 34 microRNAs are altered by Acu/LFES. In particular, miR-181d-5p is increased in the serum exosome of Acu/LFES-treated mice. In silico searching suggested that miR-181d-5p could target angiotensinogen. Using a luciferase reporter assay, we demonstrated that miR-181 directly inhibits angiotensinogen. When Acu/LFES-treated muscle was excised and incubated in culture medium, we found that the amount of exosomes and miR-181d-5p was increased in the medium providing evidence that Acu/LFES can increase miR-181 secretion. We conclude that Acu/LFES on leg hindlimb increases miR-181 in serum exosome leading to increased renal blood flow.

American Journal of Physiology published new progress about Acupuncture. 6823-69-4 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C30H30Cl2N6O2, Computed Properties of 6823-69-4.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Kang, Ting; Jones, Tia M.; Naddell, Clayton; Bacanamwo, Methode; Calvert, John W.; Thompson, Winston E.; Bond, Vincent C.; Chen, Y. Eugene; Liu, Dong published the artcile< Adipose-derived stem cells induce angiogenesis via microvesicle transport of miRNA-31>, Name: p-Benzenediacrylanilide, 4′,4′′-di-2-imidazolin-2-yl-, dihydrochloride, the main research area is adipose stem cell angiogenesis miRNA microvesicle transport; Adipose stem cell; Angiogenesis; Endothelial cell; Microvesicle; miRNA.

Cell secretion is an important mechanism for stem cell-based therapeutic angiogenesis, along with cell differentiation to vascular endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells. Cell-released microvesicles (MVs) have been recently implicated to play an essential role in intercellular communication. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential effects of stem cell-released MVs in proangiogenic therapy. We observed for the first time that MVs were released from adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and were able to increase the migration and tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Endothelial differentiation medium (EDM) preconditioning of ASCs upregulated the release of MVs and enhanced the angiogenic effect of the released MVs in vitro. RNA ana lysis revealed that microRNA was enriched in ASC-released MVs and that the level of microRNA-31 (miR-31) in MVs was notably elevated upon EDM-preconditioning of MV-donor A5Cs. Further studies exhibited that miR-31 in MVs contributed to the migration and tube formation of HUVECs, microvessel outgrowth of mouse aortic rings, and vascular formation of mouse Matrigel plugs. Moreover, factor-inhibiting HIF-1, an antiangiogenic gene, was identified as the target of miR-31 in HUVECs. Our findings provide the first evidence that MVs from ASCs, particularly from EDM-preconditioned ASCs, promote angiogenesis and the delivery of miR-31 may contribute the proangiogenic effect.

Stem Cells Translational Medicine published new progress about Cell differentiation. 6823-69-4 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C30H30Cl2N6O2, Name: p-Benzenediacrylanilide, 4′,4′′-di-2-imidazolin-2-yl-, dihydrochloride.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Li, Qian; Liu, Shenbin; Zhu, Xiaocang; Mi, Wenli; Maoying, Qiliang; Wang, Jun; Yu, Jin; Wang, Yanqing published the artcile< Hippocampal PKR/NLRP1 Inflammasome Pathway Is Required for the Depression-Like Behaviors in Rats with Neuropathic Pain>, Electric Literature of 452-06-2, the main research area is depression neuropathic pain IL1beta PKR NLRP1 inflammasome animal behavior; PKR; anxiety; depression; hippocampus; inflammasome; pain.

The chronic neuropathic pain-associated psychiatric disorders have seriously disturbed the quality of patients’ life, such as depression and anxiety. Neuroinflammation in the hippocampus plays an important role in the neuropathic pain-associated depressive and anxiety disorders, but the underlying mechanism has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. The (NLRP)-1 inflammasome, which controls the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, was broadly involved in the neuroinflammation-related diseases. In the present study, we show that the NLRP1 inflammasome is significantly activated in the hippocampus of rats subjected to the (CCI)-induced neuropathic pain. Inhibiting the product of NLRP1 inflammasome not only attenuated the depression-like behaviors but also suppressed the production of mature IL-1β in the hippocampus of CCI rats. The double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase has been recently shown to be a pivotal regulator for the activation of inflammasome. Functional inhibition of PKR suppressed the NLRP1 inflammasome activation and effectively attenuated the CCI-induced depression-like behaviors. These results indicate that the hippocampal PKR/NLRP1 inflammasome pathway play an important role in the development of the depressive behaviors after chronic neuropathic pain. Thus, interrupting this pathway might provide a novel therapeutic strategy for neuropathic pain-associated depressive disorders.

Neuroscience (Amsterdam, Netherlands) published new progress about Allodynia. 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, Electric Literature of 452-06-2.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Zhao, Han; Chen, Mingjian; Ma, Changbei published the artcile< Fluorescent method for the detection of biothiols using an Ag+-mediated conformational switch>, COA of Formula: C5H5N5, the main research area is silver glutathione cysteine biothiol fluorescence conformational switch; 2-aminopurine; cysteine; fluorescence; glutathione.

In this work, a novel, simple, and time-saving fluorescence approach for the detection of biothiols (glutathione and cysteine) was developed by employing a DNA probe labeled with 2-aminopurine. As an adenine analog, 2-aminopurine exhibits high fluorescence intensity that can be rapidly quenched in the presence of DNA. In the presence of Ag+, the fluorescence increased significantly, which was a result of the formation of cytosine-Ag+-cytosine base pairs and the release of 2-aminopurine. Upon addition of either glutathione or cysteine, the structure of cytosine-Ag+-cytosine was disrupted, a product of the stronger affinity between biothiols and Ag+. As a result, the 2-aminopurine-labeled DNA probe returned to its former structure, and the fluorescence signal was quenched accordingly. The detection limit for glutathione and cysteine was 3 nM and 5 nM, resp. Furthermore, the determination of biothiols in human blood serum provided a potential application for the probe as a diagnostic tool in clin. practice.

Sensors published new progress about Blood serum. 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, COA of Formula: C5H5N5.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Sun, Mengshi; Wu, Siting; Kang, Shaozhu; Liao, Jiaming; Zhang, Luhao; Xu, Zhuqing; Chen, Hong; Xu, Linting; Zhang, Xin; Qin, Qiwei; Wei, Jingguang published the artcile< Critical roles of G3BP1 in red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus-induced stress granule formation and viral replication in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides)>, Quality Control of 452-06-2, the main research area is Epinephelus coioides G3BP1 nervous necrosis virus viral replication; Epinephelus coioides; G3BP1; RGNNV; SGs; virus replication.

Viral infection causes changes in the internal environment of host cells, and a series of stress responses are generated to respond to these changes and help the cell survive. Stress granule (SG) formation is a type of cellular stress response that inhibits viral replication. However, the relationship between red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) infection and SGs, and the roles of the SG marker protein RAS GTPase-activating protein (SH3 domain)-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) in viral infection remain unclear. In this study, RGNNV infection induced grouper spleen (GS) cells to produce SGs. The SGs particles co-located with the classic SG marker protein eIF3η, and some SGs depolymerized under treatment with the translation inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHX). In addition, when the four kinases of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α)-dependent pathway were inhibited, knockdown of HRI and GCN2 with small interfering RNAs and inhibition of PKR with 2-aminopurine had little effect on the formation of SGs, but the PERK inhibitor significantly inhibited the formation of SGs and decreased the phosphorylation of eIF2α. G3BP1 of Epinephelus coioides (named as EcG3BP1) encodes 495 amino acids with a predicted mol. weight of 54.12 kDa and 65.9% homol. with humans. Overexpression of EcG3BP1 inhibited the replication of RGNNV in vitro by up-regulating the interferon and inflammatory response, whereas knockdown of EcG3BP1 promoted the replication of RGNNV. These results provide a better understanding of the relationship between SGs and viral infection in fish.

Frontiers in Immunology published new progress about Amino acids Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, Quality Control of 452-06-2.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem