Month: October 2022

Dong, Tingting; Sha, Yueqi; Liu, Hairong; Sun, Liwei published the artcile< Altitudinal Variation of Metabolites, Mineral Elements and Antioxidant Activities of Rhodiola crenulata (Hook.f. and Thomson) H.Ohba>, Recommanded Product: 7H-Purin-2-amine, the main research area is Rhodiola crenulata metabolite mineral element antioxidant activity; change; element; high altitude; metabolite; rhodiola.

Rhodiolacrenulata (Hook.f. & Thomson) H.Ohba is an alpine medicinal plant that can survive in extreme high altitude environments. However, its changes to extreme high altitude are not yet clear. In this study, the response of Rhodiola crenulata to differences in altitude gradients was investigated through chem., ICP-MS and metabolomic methods. A targeted study of Rhodiola crenulata growing at three vertical altitudes revealed that the contents of seven elements Ca, Sr, B, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Cd, the phenolic components, the ascorbic acid, the ascorbic acid/dehydroascorbate ratio, and the antioxidant capacity were pos. correlated with altitude, while the opposite was true for total ascorbic acid content. Furthermore, 1165 metabolites were identified: flavonoids (200), gallic acids (30), phenylpropanoids (237), amino acids (100), free fatty acids and glycerides (56), nucleotides (60), as well as other metabolites (482). The differential metabolite and biomarker analyses suggested that, with an increasing altitude: (1) the shikimic acid-phenylalanine-phenylpropanoids-flavonoids pathway was enhanced, with phenylpropanoids upregulating biomarkers much more than flavonoids; phenylpropanes and phenylmethanes upregulated, and phenylethanes downregulated; the upregulation of quercetin was especially significant in flavonoids; upregulation of condensed tannins and downregulation of hydrolyzed tannins; upregulation of shikimic acids and amino acids including phenylalanine. (2) significant upregulation of free fatty acids and downregulation of glycerides; and (3) upregulation of adenosine phosphates. Our findings provide new insights on the responses of Rhodiola crenulata to extreme high altitude adversity.

Molecules published new progress about Amino acids Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, Recommanded Product: 7H-Purin-2-amine.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Balaban, I. E.; Pyman, F. L. published the artcile< Bromo derivatives of 1-methylglyoxaline and the constitution of ""chloroxalmethylin"">, HPLC of Formula: 1003-21-0, the main research area is .

Bromination of 18 g. 1-methylglyoxaline in 60 cc. CHCl3 with 36 g. Br in 60 cc. CHCl3 at 5-10° gave 10.4 g. 2,4,5-tribromo-1-methylglyoxaline (I), m. 93-4.5° (Wallach, Ber. 16, 537, gives 88-9°), 0.49 g. (as picrate) of 4,5-dibromo-1-methylglyoxaline (II), m. 79-80°, and 23.3 g. (as picrate) of unchanged base. I.HCl, m. 190-200°, dissociates in H2O. I is recovered to the extent of 90% after heating with 1 mol. Na2SO3 in 20% aqueous solution for 5 hrs., 1% of II also being isolated. II was further prepared by heating 4,5-dibromo-1-methylglyoxaline with Me2SO4 and from (CONHMe)2 and PBr5 (7% and 11% with 1 and 2 mols. PBr5, resp.). II.HCl, crystallizing with 2 H2O, lost in vacuo over H2SO4, and then m. 179°; HNO3 salt, m. 153°; picrate, yellow, m. 148-9°, soluble in 6 parts hot EtOH or 30 parts boiling H2O. Methylation of 4(5)-bromoglyoxaline gives 51% III and 1.5% IV (ratio 34:1), separated by fractional crystallization of the picrates from EtOH. 5-Bromo-1-methylglyoxaline (III), b15 128°, m. 45-6°, deliquescent; HCl salt, needles with 0.5 H2O, lost at 100° and then m. 155°; HNO3 salt, anhydrous prisms, m. 155° (effervescence) soluble in 4 parts boiling H2O; H oxalate salt, needles with 0.5 H2O, lost in vacuo over H2SO4 and then m. 147°; picrate, yellow needles, m. 190°. The 4(?)-sulfonic acid, m. 284°, results in 78% yield; it is soluble in 55 parts boiling H2O, almost insoluble in cold H2O. Heating 0.38 g. of the acid with 5 cc. 30% H2SO4 for 3 hrs. at 170° gave 0.11 g. III (as picrate). The 4-nitro derivative (V) of III (80% yield), m. 180°, soluble in 85 parts boiling H2O; HCl salt, m. 155° and decomposed by H2O. V crystallines unchanged from aqueous picric acid. With aqueous Na2SO3 V yields 4-nitro-1-methylglyoxaline-5-sulfonic acid, m. 254° (decomposition); Na salt, fine needles. Hydrolysis of the acid by heating with 30% H2SO4 gives 4-nitro-1-methylglyoxaline; this establishes the orientation of these bases directly and of IV indirectly. III condenses with HCHO, by heating 6 hrs. at 130°, to give 5-bromo-2-hydroxymethyl-1-methylglyoxaline, m. 143° and soluble in 15 parts boiling H2O (yield, 42%); picrate, yellow needles, m. 165-6°. Reduction with HI and red P gives 1,2-dimethylglyoxaline. Either III or IV, heated with MeI, gives 4(5)-bromo-1,3-dimethylglyoxalinium iodide, m. 202-4°, soluble in 8 parts hot EtOH; distillation at 15 mm. and 235° gave 43% IV and some III. 4-Bromo-1-methylglyoxaline (IV) is an oil; HNO3 salt, prisms, m. 155°, soluble in about 3 parts boiling H2O; picrate, yellow needles, m. 179°, soluble in 7 parts hot EtOH. The 5(?)-sulfonic acid (yield, 77%) crystallines with 1 H2O, m. 256° (decomposition), soluble in 15 parts boiling H2O. The 5-nitro derivative (VI) (yield, 54%), m. 105°, soluble in 40 parts boiling H2O. Methylation of 7 g. 4(5)-bromo-5(4)nitroglyoxaline (VII), gave 1.7 g. VI and 1.4 g. unchanged material. Na2SO3 (20% aqueous solution) reacts with VII to give 4(5)-nitroglyoxaline-5(4)-sulfonic acid, decomposes 300° (yield, 88%); Na salt, fine needles. “”Chloroxalmethylin,”” prepared according to W., gives a HNO3 salt, m. 145° which, heated with concentrated H2SO4 1.5 hrs. at 100°, gives 5-chloro-4-nitro-1-methylglyoxaline, m. 147°, soluble in 40 parts boiling H2O; it is therefore 5-chloro-1-methylglyoxaline.

Journal of the Chemical Society, Transactions published new progress about 1003-21-0. 1003-21-0 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C4H5BrN2, HPLC of Formula: 1003-21-0.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Zhao, Xiaojia; Zhu, Zicheng; Zou, Rong; Wang, Lingyun; Gong, Hang; Cai, Changqun published the artcile< An enzyme-free three-dimensional DNA walker powered by catalytic hairpin assembly for H5N1 DNA ratiometric detection>, Computed Properties of 452-06-2, the main research area is DNA walker catalytic hairpin assembly ratiometric detection.

The reliable and quant. detection of virus DNA is highly desirable for the early diagnosis and clin. treatment of diseases. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) DNA walker based on a non-enzyme-mediated nucleic acid cascade amplification reaction was constructed for the ratiometric detection of H5N1 DNA. When the DNA walker was developed by the surface modification of aminated silica microsphere (SiO2-NH2) with H1 hairpin structures were activated in the presence of target DNA, the fluorescence of the H1-conjugated Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorophore (495 nm) was turned on, while the fluorescence of 2-aminopurine (2-AP) (363 nm) conjugated to the H2 hairpin remained unchanged. This strategy combines DNA walker powered by catalyzed hairpin assembly (CHA) reaction with proportional fluorescence signal output methods, which can effectively reduce the risk of generating false-pos. signals. The developed DNA walker demonstrated excellent anal. sensitivity and specificity, with a detection limit of 60 pM. The DNA walker was also capable of selectively detecting H5N1 DNA in clin. blood serum samples, which demonstrated its potential for use in various clin. applications.

Microchemical Journal published new progress about Blood serum. 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, Computed Properties of 452-06-2.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Cui, Yigong; Fu, Shenglong; Sun, Dong; Xing, Junchao; Hou, Tianyong; Wu, Xuehui published the artcile< EPC-derived exosomes promote osteoclastogenesis through LncRNA-MALAT1>, Application of C30H30Cl2N6O2, the main research area is endothelial progenitor cell exosome; bone marrow derived macrophage osteoclastogenesis MALAT1; ITGB1; LncRNA-MALAT1; bone marrow-derived macrophages; bone repair; endothelial progenitor cells; miR-124; osteoclastogenesis.

Bone repair involves bone resorption through osteoclastogenesis and the stimulation of neovascularization and osteogenesis by endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). However, the role of EPCs in osteoclastogenesis is unclear. In this study, we assess the effects of EPC-derived exosomes on the migration and osteoclastic differentiation of primary mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) in vitro using immunofluorescence, western blotting, RT-PCR and Transwell assays. We also evaluated the effects of EPC-derived exosomes on the homing and osteoclastic differentiation of transplanted BMMs in a mouse bone fracture model in vivo. We found that EPCs cultured with BMMs secreted exosomes into the medium and, compared with EPCs, exosomes had a higher expression level of LncRNA-MALAT1. We confirmed that LncRNA-MALAT1 directly binds to miR-124 to neg. control miR124 activity. Moreover, overexpression of miR-124 could reverse the migration and osteoclastic differentiation of BMMs induced by EPC-derived exosomes. A dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that the integrin ITGB1 is the target of miR-124. Mice treated with EPC-derived exosome-BMM co-transplantations exhibited increased neovascularization at the fracture site and enhanced fracture healing compared with those treated with BMMs alone. Overall, our results suggest that EPC-derived exosomes can promote bone repair by enhancing recruitment and differentiation of osteoclast precursors through LncRNA-MALAT1.

Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published new progress about Argonaute proteins Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 6823-69-4 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C30H30Cl2N6O2, Application of C30H30Cl2N6O2.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Jung, Anna Lena; Herkt, Christina Elena; Schulz, Christine; Bolte, Kathrin; Seidel, Kerstin; Scheller, Nicoletta; Sittka-Stark, Alexandra; Bertrams, Wilhelm; Schmeck, Bernd published the artcile< Legionella pneumophila infection activates bystander cells differentially by bacterial and host cell vesicles>, Synthetic Route of 6823-69-4, the main research area is Legionella macrophage outer membrane vesicle GW4869 toll like receptor.

Extracellular vesicles from eukaryotic cells and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released from gram-neg. bacteria have been described as mediators of pathogen-host interaction and intercellular communication. Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) is a causative agent of severe pneumonia. The differential effect of bacterial and host cell vesicles in L. pneumophila infection is unknown so far. We infected THP-1-derived or primary human macrophages with L. pneumophila and isolated supernatant vesicles by differential centrifugation. We observed an increase of exosomes in the 100 k pellet by nanoparticle tracking anal., electron microscopy, and protein markers. This fraction addnl. contained Legionella LPS, indicating also the presence of OMVs. In contrast, vesicles in the 16 k pellet, representing microparticles, decreased during infection. The 100 k vesicle fraction activated uninfected primary human alveolar epithelial cells, A549 cells, and THP-1 cells. Epithelial cell activation was reduced by exosome depletion (anti-CD63, or GW4869), or blocking of IL-1β in the supernatant. In contrast, the response of THP-1 cells to vesicles was reduced by a TLR2-neutralizing antibody, UV-inactivation of bacteria, or – partially – RNase-treatment of vesicles. Taken together, we found that during L. pneumophila infection, neighboring epithelial cells were predominantly activated by exosomes and cytokines, whereas myeloid cells were activated by bacterial OMVs.

Scientific Reports published new progress about Alveolar epithelium. 6823-69-4 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C30H30Cl2N6O2, Synthetic Route of 6823-69-4.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Liu, Xuerui; Dong, Lina; Wang, Lianxiao; Xu, Hui; Gao, Shanmin; Zhong, Linlin; Zhang, Shengxiao; Jiang, Tingting published the artcile< 2-Aminopurine modified DNA probe for rapid and sensitive detection of L-cysteine>, Computed Properties of 452-06-2, the main research area is cysteine biosensor ssDNA mercury aminopurine fluorescence water milk serum; 2-Aminopurine; Exonuclease I; Fluorescence method; L-cysteine; Thymine-thymine mismatches.

A rapid, cost-effective and quencher-free fluorescence-based anal. method for sensitive detection of L-cysteine (Cys) based on 2-aminopurine (2-AP) labeled DNA probe and exonuclease I (Exo I) activity was developed. 2-AP labeled DNA probe includes two thymine (T)-T mismatches, which can bind with Hg2+ to form T-Hg2+-T pairing bases, resulting in stable hairpin with five base pairs in its stem. The target Cys can remove Hg2+ from the stem of the hairpin probe based on the high affinity of Cys with Hg2+, leading to the unfolding of the hairpin probe. At last, by adding Exo I, the resulted single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) will be digested to release free 2-AP with strong fluorescence. Under the optimal conditions, the sensing system exhibited a good and wider linear range from 0.4 to 400 nM (R2 = 0.997) and a detection limit as low as 0.16 nM for Cys. Furthermore, other amino acids without reductive sulfur group did not generate obvious change in fluorescence signals. Finally, the sensor can be used in diluted real samples with a good recovery rate, showing promising application in food, environmental and medical anal.

Talanta published new progress about Beverages. 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, Computed Properties of 452-06-2.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Zhou, Wenshuo; Woodson, Michael; Neupane, Biswas; Bai, Fengwei; Sherman, Michael B.; Choi, Kyung H.; Neelakanta, Girish; Sultana, Hameeda published the artcile< Exosomes serve as novel modes of tick-borne flavivirus transmission from arthropod to human cells and facilitates dissemination of viral RNA and proteins to the vertebrate neuronal cells>, Formula: C30H30Cl2N6O2, the main research area is Ixodes skin keratinocyte neuronal cell flavivirus; RNA transmission exosome Eprotein.

Mol. determinants and mechanisms of arthropod-borne flavivirus transmission to the vertebrate host are poorly understood. In this study, we show for the first time that a cell line from medically important arthropods, such as ticks, secretes extracellular vesicles (EVs) including exosomes that mediate transmission of flavivirus RNA and proteins to the human cells. Our study shows that tick-borne Langat virus (LGTV), a model pathogen closely related to tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), profusely uses arthropod exosomes for transmission of viral RNA and proteins to the human- skin keratinocytes and blood endothelial cells. Cryo-electron microscopy showed the presence of purified arthropod/neuronal exosomes with the size range of 30 to 200 nm in diameter Both pos. and neg. strands of LGTV RNA and viral envelope-protein were detected inside exosomes derived from arthropod, murine and human cells. Detection of Nonstructural 1 (NS1) protein in arthropod and neuronal exosomes further suggested that exosomes contain viral proteins. Viral RNA and proteins in exosomes derived from tick and mammalian cells were secured, highly infectious and replicative in all tested evaluations. Treatment with GW4869, a selective inhibitor that blocks exosome release affected LGTV loads in both arthropod and mammalian cell-derived exosomes. Transwell-migration assays showed that exosomes derived from infected-brain-microvascular endothelial cells (that constitute the blood-brain barrier) facilitated LGTV RNA and protein transmission, crossing of the barriers and infection of neuronal cells. Neuronal infection showed abundant loads of both tick-borne LGTV and mosquito-borne West Nile virus RNA in exosomes. Our data also suggest that exosomemediated LGTV viral transmission is clathrin-dependent. Collectively, our results suggest that flaviviruses uses arthropod-derived exosomes as a novel means for viral RNA and protein transmission from the vector, and the vertebrate exosomes for dissemination within the host that may subsequently allow neuroinvasion and neuropathogenesis.

PLoS Pathogens published new progress about Blood vessel. 6823-69-4 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C30H30Cl2N6O2, Formula: C30H30Cl2N6O2.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Grimmett, M. R. published the artcile< Product class 3: imidazoles>, Category: imidazoles-derivatives, the main research area is review imidazole preparation cyclization aromatization ring transformation.

A review. Methods for preparing imidazoles are reviewed including cyclization, ring transformations, aromatization and modification of substituents on existing imidazoles.

Science of Synthesis published new progress about Aromatization. 1003-21-0 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C4H5BrN2, Category: imidazoles-derivatives.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Liang, Jinlian; Li, Hanhao; Mei, Jiaxin; Cao, Zhen; Tang, Yan; Huang, Rufei; Xia, Huan; Zhang, Qihao; Xiang, Qi; Yang, Yan; Huang, Yadong published the artcile< Sertoli cell-derived exosome-mediated transfer of miR-145-5p inhibits Leydig cell steroidogenesis by targeting steroidogenic factor 1>, Reference of 6823-69-4, the main research area is sertoli derived exosome miR145 5p leydig cell steroidogenesis adult; Leydig cell; Sertoli cell; exosome; miR-145-5p; testosterone.

In the mammalian testis, two distinct populations of Sertoli cells (SCs), the immature SCs (ISCs) and adult SCs (ASCs), play significant roles in regulating the development and function of Leydig cells. However, the effect of different SC types on the function of Leydig cells is poorly understood. Here, our study showed that miR-145-5p expression was significantly different in SCs at different stages, with the highest expression observed in ISCs. Exosomes mediate the transfer of miR-145-5p from ISCs to Leydig cells. Overexpression of miR-145-5p in Leydig cells significantly downregulated steroidogenic gene expression and inhibited testosterone synthesis. Addnl., miR-145-5p functioned by directly targeted steroidogenic factor-1 (Sf-1) and downregulated the expression of SF-1, which further downregulated the expression of steroidogenic genes, induced accumulation of lipid droplets, and eventually suppressed testosterone production These findings demonstrate that SC-derived miR-145-5p plays a significant role in regulating the functions of Leydig cells and may therefore serve as a diagnostic biomarker for male hypogonadism developmental abnormalities during puberty.

FASEB Journal published new progress about Adult, mammalian. 6823-69-4 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C30H30Cl2N6O2, Reference of 6823-69-4.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Demetrio da Silva, Vinicius; de Barros, Italo Ribeiro; da Conceicao, Debora K. Silva; de Almeida, Kauana Nunes; Schrekker, Henri Stephan; Amico, Sandro C.; Jacobi, Marly M. published the artcile< Aramid pulp reinforced hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber composites with ionic liquid compatibilizers>, Quality Control of 700370-07-6, the main research area is aramid pulp reinforced hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber composite compatibilizer.

Although carbon black is an effective reinforcement for most rubbers, its replacement by other fillers would be beneficial. Aramid fibers are used in a range of applications in the rubber industry, providing dimensional stability prior to vulcanization and improving the mech. properties of the elastomeric product. Nevertheless, their relatively inert surface is an obstacle in the exploitation of their full potential. In this work, two ionic liquids were investigated as compatibilizers in the preparation of hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber composites with aramid pulp and carbon black fillers. The materials were characterized using swelling, hardness and tensile tests, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric anal., and IR spectroscopy. The carbon black-free composite prepared from aramid pulp treated with 1.0 wt% of 1-carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride outperformed all other studied materials, presenting a higher modulus at 100% strain (7.31 MPa), while maintaining high strain at break. Thus, ionic liquids were found to potentialize the aramid reinforcement effect in these rubber composites. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 137, 48702.

Journal of Applied Polymer Science published new progress about Adhesion, physical, interfacial. 700370-07-6 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C6H9ClN2O2, Quality Control of 700370-07-6.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem