Month: October 2022

《Enhanced Menshutkin SN2 Reactivity in Mesoporous Silica: The Influence of Surface Catalysis and Confinement》 was written by Zheng, Weizhong; Yamada, Steven A.; Hung, Samantha T.; Sun, Weizhen; Zhao, Ling; Fayer, Michael D.. HPLC of Formula: 616-47-7 And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2020. The article conveys some information:

A significant enhancement in the Menshutkin SN2 reaction between 1-methylimidazole (MeIm) and Me thiocyanate (MeSCN) is observed when the reaction is confined in the nanoscale silica pores of MCM41 and SBA15. The experiments in the silica pores are conducted without the surrounding bulk reaction mixture The influences of temperature, pore radius, and surface chem. on the kinetics of the confined reaction are analyzed with time-dependent IR spectroscopy, mol. dynamics simulations, and ab initio calculations The rate constant of the pseudo-first order reaction increases with decreasing pore size, and the activation energy is found to decrease by 5.6 kJ/mol in the smallest pore studied (2.8 nm) relative to the bulk reaction. The rate constant dependence on pore size is accurately described by a two-state model in which mols. within the 4.6 Å interfacial layer experience a 2.4-fold rate constant increase relative to those reacting at the bulk rate further away from the interface. The removal of polar silanol groups from the silica surface via passivation with trimethylsilyl chloride results in bulk-like kinetics despite a reduction in the pore diameter, demonstrating the role of silanols as catalytic sites. Electronic structure calculations of the energy profile on a model silica surface confirm that silanol groups, particularly those of the vicinal type, can reduce the activation energy and reaction endothermicity through the donation of hydrogen bonds to the reactant, transition state, and product complexes. In the experiment, the researchers used 1-Methyl-1H-imidazole(cas: 616-47-7HPLC of Formula: 616-47-7)

1-Methyl-1H-imidazole(cas: 616-47-7) is actively involved in removing acid during the production of diethoxyphenylphosphine. It is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis.HPLC of Formula: 616-47-7

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

《Enhancing the Recyclability of a Vegetable Oil-Based Epoxy Thermoset through Initiator Influence》 was written by di Mauro, Chiara; Tran, Thi-Nguyet; Graillot, Alain; Mija, Alice. Synthetic Route of C4H6N2 And the article was included in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering in 2020. The article conveys some information:

Bisphenol A based epoxy thermosets involve both environmental and health risks. By reacting a vegetal oil-based epoxide with an aromatic diacid containing S-S bonds a thermoset is produced. Herein, reprocessable thermosets were synthesized, the recyclability being designed through a dual mechanism: that of disulfide metathesis and of transesterifications. To assess the feasibility of the reprocessing, a series of ten initiators were tested to probe their effect not only on the crosslinking reaction but also on the recyclability. This study introduces for the first time the key role of the initiator on the material performances and on their reprocessing. A very good reprocessability was obtained for thermosets prepared using as initiator the imidazole. Moreover, the thermosets exhibit complete chem. recyclability in 1N NaOH at 80°C, after 3 days, without needing addnl. chems. The reprocessed materials have similar performances with the virgin ones, even after 10 cycles of reprocessing. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Methyl-1H-imidazole(cas: 616-47-7Synthetic Route of C4H6N2)

1-Methyl-1H-imidazole(cas: 616-47-7) is actively involved in removing acid during the production of diethoxyphenylphosphine. It is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis.Synthetic Route of C4H6N2

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

《Molecular dynamics simulation of imidazolium CnMIM-BF4 ionic liquids using a coarse grained force-field》 was written by Fajardo, Oscar Y.; Di Lecce, Silvia; Bresme, Fernando. Electric Literature of C8H15BF4N2 And the article was included in Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics in 2020. The article conveys some information:

Ionic liquids feature thermophys. properties that are of interest in solvents, energy storage materials and tunable lubrication applications. Here we use new Coarse Grained (CG) models to investigate the structure, dynamics and interfacial properties of the [C2-8MIM][BF4] family of ionic liquids (ILs). The simulated equation of state and diffusion coefficients are in good agreement with exptl. data and with all-atom force-fields. We quantify the nano-structure and liquid-vapor interfacial properties of the ILs as a function of the size of the imidazolium cation. The computational efficiency of the CG models enables the simulation of very long time scales (100’s of nanoseconds), which are needed to resolve the dynamic and interfacial properties of ILs containing cations with long aliphatic chains. For [C>4MIM] [BF4] the break in symmetry associated to the liquid-vapor interface induces nanostructuring of polar and non-polar domains in the direction perpendicular to the interface plane, with the inhomogeneous regions penetrating deep inside the bulk liquid, typically 5 nm for C8MIM cations. In the experiment, the researchers used 3-Butyl-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium tetrafluoroborate(cas: 174501-65-6Electric Literature of C8H15BF4N2)

3-Butyl-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium tetrafluoroborate(cas: 174501-65-6) is a member of lonic liquids. Actually, lonic liquids as innovative fluids have received wide attention only during the past two decades. The number of SCI papers published on lonic liquids has exponentially increased from a few in 1996 to >5000 in 2016, exceeding the annual growth rates of other popular scientific areas. Electric Literature of C8H15BF4N2

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Devine, Shane M.; Challis, Matthew P.; Kigotho, Jomo K.; Siddiqui, Ghizal; De Paoli, Amanda; MacRaild, Christopher A.; Avery, Vicky M.; Creek, Darren J.; Norton, Raymond S.; Scammells, Peter J. published their research in European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2021. The article was titled 《Discovery and development of 2-aminobenzimidazoles as potent antimalarials》.SDS of cas: 934-32-7 The article contains the following contents:

The design, synthesis and antimalarial activity of a series of 2-aminobenzimidazoles I [R = H, NH2, NHEt, NHBn, etc.; Ar = 2-HOC6H4, 2-NH2C6H4, benzofuran-7-yl, etc.], featuring a phenol moiety that was crucial to the pharmacophore. Two potent mols. exhibited IC50 values against P. falciparum 3D7 strain of 42 ± 4 I [R = NH2; Ar = 5-Me-2-HOC6H3] and 43 ± 2 nM [R = NH2; Ar = 5-MeO-2-HOC6H3] and high potency against strains resistant to chloroquine (Dd2), artemisinin (Cam3.IIC580Y) and PfATP4 inhibitors (SJ557733), while demonstrating no cytotoxicity against human cells (HEK293, IC50 > 50μM). The most potent mol., possessing a 4,5-di-Me substituted phenol I [R = NH2; Ar = 4,5-(MeO)2-2-HOC6H2] displayed an IC50 value of 6.4 ± 0.5 nM against P. falciparum 3D7, representing a 12-fold increase in activity from the parent mol. The 2-aminobenzimidazoles containing a N1-substituted phenol represented a new class of mols. that had high potency in vitro against P. falciparum malaria and low cytotoxicity. They possessed attractive pharmaceutical properties, including low mol. weight, high ligand efficiency, high solubility, synthetic tractability and low in vitro clearance in human liver microsomes. After reading the article, we found that the author used 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-amine(cas: 934-32-7SDS of cas: 934-32-7)

1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-amine(cas: 934-32-7) can be used in the hydrolysis of a choline carbonate. It was also used in the synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]benzimidazoles.SDS of cas: 934-32-7

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Schotten, Christiane; Taylor, Connor J.; Bourne, Richard A.; Chamberlain, Thomas W.; Nguyen, Bao N.; Kapur, Nik; Willans, Charlotte E. published their research in Reaction Chemistry & Engineering in 2021. The article was titled 《Alternating polarity for enhanced electrochemical synthesis》.Computed Properties of C21H25ClN2 The article contains the following contents:

Synthetic electrochem. has recently become an exciting technol. for chem. synthesis. The majority of reported syntheses use either constant current or constant potential, however a few use non-linear profiles – mostly alternating polarity – to maintain efficiency throughout the process, such as controlling deposits on electrodes or ensuring even use of electrodes. However, even though parameters that are associated with such profiles, such as the frequency, can have a major impact on the reaction outcome, they are often not investigated. Herein, we report the crucial impact that the applied frequency of the alternating polarity has on the observed reaction rate of Cu(I)-NHC complex formation and demonstrate that this can be manipulated to give enhanced yield that is stable over extended reaction times. The results came from multiple reactions, including the reaction of 1,3-Dimesityl-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride(cas: 141556-45-8Computed Properties of C21H25ClN2)

1,3-Dimesityl-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride(cas: 141556-45-8) is a ligand for arylation of aldehydes and for carbene catalyzed intermolecular arylation of C-H bonds. It is used as a phosphine-free ligand in various metal-catalyzed coupling reactions, often with advantageous results in difficult cases.Computed Properties of C21H25ClN2

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

In 2022,Wang, Zhongjuan; Xu, Shaobin; Xia, Hongying; Liu, Yanqiu; Li, Bin; Liang, Yueqin; Li, Zhongkun published an article in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. The title of the article was 《A cationic cyclodextrin derivative-lipid hybrid nanoparticles for gene delivery effectively promotes stability and transfection efficiency》.Recommanded Product: Di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methanone The author mentioned the following in the article:

Genetic medicines hold great promise for treatment of a number of diseases; however, the development of effective gene delivery carrier is still a challenge. The commonly used gene carrier liposomes and cationic polymers have limited their clin. application due to their resp. disadvantages. Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LHNPs) are novel drug delivery system that exhibit complementary characteristics of both polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes. In this account, we developed the α-cyclodextrin-conjugated generation-2 polyamidoamine dendrimers-lipids hybrid nanoparticles (CDG2-LHNPs) for gene delivery. The pDNA/CDG2-LHNPs was stable during 15 days of storage period both at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C, whereas the particle size of pDNA/CDG2 and pDNA/liposomes dramatically increased after storage at 4 °C for 8 h. CDG2-LHNPs showed significantly superior transfection efficiencies compared to either CDG2 or liposomes. The mechanism of high transfection efficiency of pDNA/CDG2-LHNPs was further explored using pharmacol. inhibitors chlorpromazine, filipin, and cytochalasion D. The result demonstrated that cell uptake of pDNA/CDG2-LHNPs was mediated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), caveolae-mediated endocytosis (CvME), and macropinocytosis together. pDNA/CDG2-LHNPs were more likely be taken up by cells through CvME, which avoided lysosomal degradation to a large extent. Moreover, the liposome component of pDNA/CDG2-LHNPs increased its cell uptake efficiency, and the CDG2 polymer component increased its proton buffer capacity, so the hybrid nanoparticles taken up by CME could also successfully escape from the lysosome. CDG2-LHNPs with stability and high-transfection efficiency overcome the shortcomings of liposomes and polymers applied sep., and have great potential for gene drug delivery. The experimental part of the paper was very detailed, including the reaction process of Di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methanone(cas: 530-62-1Recommanded Product: Di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methanone)

Di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methanone(cas: 530-62-1) is a peptide coupling reagent,it is used in the synthesis of peptides. Reacts readily with carboxylic acids to form acyl imidazoles; subsequent reaction with amines to form amides goes smoothly.Recommanded Product: Di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methanone

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

In 2022,Evans, Courtney; Morimitsu, Yuto; Nishi, Rikako; Yoshida, Masahiro; Takei, Takayuki published an article in Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. The title of the article was 《Novel hydrophobically modified agarose cryogels fabricated using dimethyl sulfoxide》.Category: imidazoles-derivatives The author mentioned the following in the article:

Drug delivery systems (DDS) are devices able to adsorb therapeutic drugs in vitro before being either injected or surgically implanted into the body before releasing the drugs in vivo. Hydrogels are interesting for DDS researchers as they mimic soft tissue and can absorb large quantities of liquid This research reported the successful fabrication of hydrophobically modified agarose (HMA) as well as the creation of a novel approach to the formation of hydrophobically modified agarose cryogels. By activating the hydroxyl groups in agarose, hydrophobic modification could occur through the bonding of the activated hydroxyl groups and the amines in fatty aldehydes. It was found that HMA was insoluble in water, and as such a new method of cryogel creation was produced using DMSO. Further testing of HMA cryogels showed that cell adhesiveness and cytotoxicity were low. Adsorption tests showed that HMA cryogels had the ability to adsorb larger amounts of hydrophobic dye than unmodified agarose cryogels and that the release of the hydrophobic dye from HMA cryogels could be controlled. These results showed that the HMA cryogels made using this novel approach have the potential to be used as drug delivery systems. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methanone(cas: 530-62-1Category: imidazoles-derivatives)

Di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methanone(cas: 530-62-1) is a peptide coupling reagent,it is used in the synthesis of peptides. Reacts readily with carboxylic acids to form acyl imidazoles; subsequent reaction with amines to form amides goes smoothly.Category: imidazoles-derivatives

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

COA of Formula: C3H5N3In 2017 ,《2-Aminoimidazoles: synthesis by ring transformation reactions》 appeared in Studies in Natural Products Chemistry. The author of the article were Babaev, Eugene V.. The article conveys some information:

A review. Marine sponges belonging to the Calcarea family have been proven to be a source of biol. active alkaloids and their metabolites. Two Calcarea genera, Leucetta and Clathrina, have been found to contain more than 60 examples of imidazole alkaloids during the last 30 years. Since the first discovery of 2-aminoimidazole (2-Al) alkaloids in marine sponges by Kashman’s group in 1987. A number of preclathridine and isonaamine alkaloids, representing a family of 1,4-substituted 2-aminoimidazoles bearing one or two substituted benzyl moieties, have been isolated and synthesized in the last decades (see Scheme 2.1) [2]. Of course, the number of 2-AI is not exhausted by these examples; the series is much broader [3]. Many 2-AI alkaloids have been reported to have cytotoxic, antimicrobial, or antifungal properties [4,5],and this topic was recently well reviewed. In addition to this study using 1H-Imidazol-2-amine, there are many other studies that have used 1H-Imidazol-2-amine(cas: 7720-39-0COA of Formula: C3H5N3) was used in this study.

1H-Imidazol-2-amine(cas: 7720-39-0) belongs to anime. Primary amines having a tertiary alkyl group (R3CNH2) are difficult to prepare with most methods but are made industrially by the Ritter reaction. In this method a tertiary alcohol reacts with hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the presence of a concentrated strong acid; a formamide, RNH―CHO, is formed first, which then undergoes hydrolysis.COA of Formula: C3H5N3

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Category: imidazoles-derivativesIn 2017 ,《Structure-activity relationships of rosiglitazone for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transrepression》 was published in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. The article was written by Toyota, Yosuke; Nomura, Sayaka; Makishima, Makoto; Hashimoto, Yuichi; Ishikawa, Minoru. The article contains the following contents:

Anti-inflammatory effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPRAγ) ligands are thought to be largely due to PPARγ-mediated transrepression. Thus, transrepression-selective PPARγ ligands without agonistic activity or with only partial agonistic activity should exhibit anti-inflammatory properties with reduced side effects. Here, the authors investigated the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone, focusing on transrepression activity. Alkenic analogs showed slightly more potent transrepression with reduced efficacy of transactivating agonistic activity. Removal of the alkyl group on the nitrogen atom improved selectivity for transrepression over transactivation. Among the synthesized compounds, I exhibited stronger transrepressional activity (IC50: 14 μM) and weaker agonistic efficacy (11%) than rosiglitazone or pioglitazone. After reading the article, we found that the author used 2-Chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole(cas: 4857-06-1Category: imidazoles-derivatives)

2-Chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole(cas: 4857-06-1) is an analog of benzimidazole that has been synthesized by Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It is a white crystalline solid that can be dissolved in water and hydrochloric acid. 2-Chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole inhibits the growth of herpes simplex virus by acting as a competitive inhibitor for the viral enzyme thymidine kinase, which catalyzes the conversion of thymine to thymidine.Category: imidazoles-derivatives

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Product Details of 530-62-1In 2022 ,《Supramolecular self-associating amphiphiles: determination of molecular self-association properties and calculation of critical micelle concentration using a high-throughput, optical density based methodology》 was published in Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry. The article was written by Rutkauskaite, Andzelika; White, Lisa J.; Hilton, Kira L. F.; Picci, Giacomo; Croucher, Lorraine; Caltagirone, Claudia; Hiscock, Jennifer R.. The article contains the following contents:

Supramol. self-associating amphiphiles are a class of amphiphilic salt, the anionic component of which is ′frustrated′ in nature, meaning multiple hydrogen bonding modes can be accessed simultaneously. Here we derive critical micelle concentration values for four supramol. self-associating amphiphiles using the standard pendant drop approach and present a new high-throughput, optical d. measurement based methodol., to enable the estimation of critical micelle concentrations over multiple temperatures In addition, we characterize the low-level hydrogen bonded self-association events in the solid state, through single crystal X-ray diffraction, and in polar organic DMSO-d6 solutions using a combination of 1H NMR techniques. Moving into aqueous ethanol solutions (EtOH/H2O or EtOH/D2O (1 : 19 volume/volume)), we also show these amphiphilic compounds to form higher-order self-associated species through a combination of 1H NMR, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential studies. In the experimental materials used by the author, we found Di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methanone(cas: 530-62-1Product Details of 530-62-1)

Di(1H-imidazol-1-yl)methanone(cas: 530-62-1) is a coupling agent in the synthesis of dipolar polyamides for nonlinear optical applications and polypeptides. It also used to make β-keto sulfones and sulfoxides, lead sequestering agents, and β-enamino acid derivatives.Product Details of 530-62-1

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem