Month: October 2022

Ratitong, Bridget; Marshall, Michaela; Pearlman, Eric published the artcile< Beta-Glucan-stimulated neutrophil secretion of IL-1α is independent of GSDMD and mediated through extracellular vesicles>, Related Products of 6823-69-4, the main research area is beta glucan interleukin neutrophil secretion extracellular vesicle; Dendritic cells; Exosomes; Extracellular vesicles; Gasdermin D; IL-1α; IL-1β; Macrophages; Neutrophils; Pyroptosis; β-glucan.

Neutrophils are an important source of interleukin (IL)-1β and other cytokines because they are recruited to sites of infection and inflammation in high numbers Although secretion of processed, bioactive IL-1β by neutrophils is dependent on NLRP3 and Gasdermin D (GSDMD), IL-1α secretion by neutrophils has not been reported. In this study, we demonstrate that neutrophils produce IL-1α following injection of Aspergillus fumigatus spores that express cell-surface β-glucan. Although IL-1α secretion by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/ATP-activated macrophages and dendritic cells is GSDMD dependent, IL-1α secretion by β-glucan-stimulated neutrophils occurs independently of GSDMD. Instead, we found that bioactive IL-1α is in exosomes that were isolated from cell-free media of β-glucan-stimulated neutrophils. Further, the exosome inhibitor GW4869 significantly reduces IL-1α in extracellular vesicles (EVs) and total cell-free supernatant. Together, these findings identify neutrophils as a source of IL-1α and demonstrate a role for EVs, specifically exosomes, in neutrophil secretion of bioactive IL-1α.

Cell Reports published new progress about Animal gene, IL1A Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 6823-69-4 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C30H30Cl2N6O2, Related Products of 6823-69-4.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Kong, Juanhua; Li, Lixia; Zeng, Qiang; Long, Jinxing; He, Hongyan; Wang, Yingying; Liu, Sijie; Li, Xuehui published the artcile< Production of 4-Ethylphenol from Lignin Depolymerization in a Novel Surfactant-Free Microemulsion Reactor>, HPLC of Formula: 700370-07-6, the main research area is ethylphenol lignin depolymerization surfactant microemulsion reactor.

In order to meet the requirements of sustainable development, the production of aromatic compounds from renewable biomass is of great concern. Herein, a surfactant-free microemulsion (SFME) system composed of n-octane, 2-propanol, and water was explored for the depolymerization of lignin though a hydrogen transfer reaction of 2-propanol with acidic ionic liquids (ILs) as catalysts. Exptl. results show that the phenol monomer yield from bagasse lignin in the SFME system is at least 4 times higher than that in its corresponding water-free binary system, together with a high selectivity for 4-ethylphenol of 67.8%. In particular, the results also reveal that the controllable polarity and large surface area of the SFME and the aggregation of lignin at the SFME surface are key factors in response to the enhanced yields of phenolic monomers through intensive characterizations. Mechanism studies imply that this system tailors mainly the esterified p-coumarate unit in lignin, and 4-ethylphenol is produced by a cascade reaction, involving hydrolysis, decarboxylation, and hydrogenation. Furthermore, this SFME system also exhibits excellent performance for the depolymerization of other herbaceous lignins, yielding 128.1 mg g-1 phenolic monomers with 59.1% 4-ethylphenol selectivity for corncob lignin. It is thus believed that the process intensification by microemulsion can significantly demonstrate unprecedented potential to accomplish highly efficient lignin conversion.

Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research published new progress about Acidity function, Hammett. 700370-07-6 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C6H9ClN2O2, HPLC of Formula: 700370-07-6.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Padmaja, R. D.; Chanda, Kaushik published the artcile< A robust and recyclable ionic liquid-supported copper(II) catalyst for the synthesis of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles using microwave irradiation>, Synthetic Route of 700370-07-6, the main research area is substituted tetrazole preparation green chem microwave irradiation; nitrile sodium azide dipolar cycloaddition; ionic liquid supported copper catalyst preparation.

A novel and robust ionic liquid-supported copper(II) catalyst has been developed and explored for the efficient synthesis of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles I (R = H, 3-O2N, 4-Br, etc.) using microwave irradiation The ionic liquid-supported catalyst facilitated the efficient isolation of tetrazole products with high purity by simple extraction with organic solvent. Recovered ionic liquid-supported copper(II) catalyst could be recycled for three times for the synthesis of tetrazole products with high purity. This synthetic protocol offers a very clean, convenient, and microwave-assisted environment-friendly method for the efficient synthesis of 5-substituted-1H-tetrazoles with high yield.

Research on Chemical Intermediates published new progress about [3+2] Cycloaddition reaction. 700370-07-6 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C6H9ClN2O2, Synthetic Route of 700370-07-6.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Li, Yongtao; Lin, Wenwei; Wright, William C.; Chai, Sergio C.; Wu, Jing; Chen, Taosheng published the artcile< Building a Chemical Toolbox for Human Pregnane X Receptor Research: Discovery of Agonists, Inverse Agonists, and Antagonists Among Analogs Based on the Unique Chemical Scaffold of SPA70>, Synthetic Route of 1003-21-0, the main research area is pregnane X receptor agonist antagonist inverse agonist SPA70 analog.

Pregnane X receptor (PXR) plays roles in detoxification and other physiol. processes. PXR activation may enhance drug metabolism (leading to adverse drug reactions) or inhibit inflammation. Therefore, PXR agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists may serve as research tools and drug candidates. However, a specific PXR modulator with an associated structure-activity relationship is lacking. Based on the scaffold of specific human PXR (hPXR) antagonist SPA70 (10), we developed 81 SPA70 analogs and evaluated their receptor-binding and cellular activities. Interestingly, analogs with subtle structural differences displayed divergent cellular activities, including agonistic, dual inverse agonistic and antagonistic, antagonistic, and partial agonistic/partial antagonistic activities (as in compounds 111, 10, 97, and 42, resp.). We generated a pharmacophore model that represents 81 SPA70 analogs, and docking models that correlate strong interactions between the compounds and residues in the AF-2 helix with agonistic activity. These compounds are novel chem. tools for studying hPXR.

Journal of Medicinal Chemistry published new progress about Cytotoxicity. 1003-21-0 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C4H5BrN2, Synthetic Route of 1003-21-0.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Qin, Xiaofeng; Lin, Xiaofang; Liu, Lang; Li, Ying; Li, Xiang; Deng, Zhenghao; Chen, Huiping; Chen, Hui; Niu, Zhiyuan; Li, Zisheng; Hu, Yongbin published the artcile< Macrophage-derived exosomes mediate silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis by activating fibroblast in an endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent manner>, Related Products of 6823-69-4, the main research area is macrophage exosome proliferation migration pulmonary fibrosis endoplasmic reticulum stress; ER stress; exosomes; fibroblasts; macrophages; silicosis.

Macrophages play a key role in silicosis, and exosomes are potent mediators of intercellular communication. This suggests that macrophage-derived exosomes have a potential contribution to the pathogenesis of silicosis. To investigate whether macrophage-derived exosomes promote or inhibit lung fibrosis, in vitro, silica-exposed macrophage-derived exosomes (SiO2-Exos) were collected and cocultured with fibroblasts. The expression of collagen I and α-SMA was evaluated. Furthermore, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers BIP, XBP1s and P-eIF2α were assessed after treatment with or without the ER stress inhibitor 4-PBA. In vivo, mice were pre-treated with the exosome secretion inhibitor GW4869 prior to silica exposure. After sacrifice, lung tissues were histol. examined, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was measured. The results showed that the expression of collagen I and α-SMA was up-regulated after treatment with SiO2-Exos, accompanied by increased expression of BIP, XBP1s and P-eIF2α. Pre-treatment with 4-PBA reversed this effect. More importantly, an in vivo study demonstrated that pre-treatment with GW4869 decreased lung fibrosis and the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in BALF. These results suggested that SiO2-Exos are profibrogenic and that the facilitating effect is dependent on ER stress.

Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published new progress about Animal gene Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), PRP (Properties), BIOL (Biological Study) (ACTA2). 6823-69-4 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C30H30Cl2N6O2, Related Products of 6823-69-4.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Xu, Suowen; Jin, Tengchuan; Weng, Jianping published the artcile< Endothelial cells as a key cell type for innate immunity: a focused review on RIG-I signaling pathway>, Safety of 7H-Purin-2-amine, the main research area is review innate immunity endothelial cell signaling pathway RIGI; DDX58; RIG-I; endothelial cells; immunity; inflammation.

A review. The vascular endothelium consists of a highly heterogeneous monolayer of endothelial cells (ECs) which are the primary target for bacterial and viral infections due to EC’s constant and close contact with the bloodstream. Emerging evidence has shown that ECs are a key cell type for innate immunity. Like macrophages, ECs serve as sentinels when sensing invading pathogens or microbial infection caused by viruses and bacteria. It remains elusive how ECs senses danger signals, transduce the signal and fulfil immune functions. Retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I, gene name also known as DDX58) is an important member of RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) family that functions as an important pathogen recognition receptor (PRR) to execute immune surveillance and confer host antiviral response. Recent studies have demonstrated that virus infection, dsRNA, dsDNA, interferons, LPS, and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) can increase RIG-1 expression in ECs and propagate anti-viral response. Of translational significance, RIG-I activation can be inhibited by Panax notoginseng saponins, endogenous PPARγ ligand 15-PGJ2, tryptanthrin and 2-animopurine. Considering the pivotal role of inflammation and innate immunity in regulating endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, here we provided a concise review of the role of RIG-I in endothelial cell function and highlight future direction to elucidate the potential role of RIG-I in regulating cardiovascular diseases as well as virus infectious disease, including COVID-19. Furthered understanding of RIG-I-mediated signaling pathways is important to control disorders associated with altered immunity and inflammation in ECs.

Frontiers in Immunology published new progress about Antiviral agents. 452-06-2 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C5H5N5, Safety of 7H-Purin-2-amine.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Guo, Belinda B.; Bellingham, Shayne A.; Hill, Andrew F. published the artcile< The Neutral Sphingomyelinase Pathway Regulates Packaging of the Prion Protein into Exosomes>, Computed Properties of 6823-69-4, the main research area is neutral sphingomyelinase packaging prion protein exosome; Ceramide; Exosome; Exosomes; Extracellular Vesicles; Neutral Sphingomyelinase; Prion; Prion Disease; nSMase2.

Prion diseases are a group of transmissible, fatal neurodegenerative disorders associated with the misfolding of the host-encoded prion protein, PrPC, into a disease-associated form, PrPSc. The transmissible prion agent is principally formed of PrPSc itself and is associated with extracellular vesicles known as exosomes. Exosomes are released from cells both in vitro and in vivo, and have been proposed as a mechanism by which prions spread intercellularly. The biogenesis of exosomes occurs within the endosomal system, through formation of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs), which are subsequently released from cells as exosomes. ILV formation is known to be regulated by the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery, although an alternative neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase) pathway has been suggested to also regulate this process. Here, we investigate a role for the nSMase pathway in exosome biogenesis and packaging of PrP into these vesicles. Inhibition of the nSMase pathway using GW4869 revealed a role for the nSMase pathway in both exosome formation and PrP packaging. In agreement, targeted knockdown of nSMase1 and nSMase2 in mouse neurons using lentivirus-mediated RNAi also decreases exosome release, demonstrating the nSMase pathway regulates the biogenesis and release of exosomes. We also demonstrate that PrPC packaging is dependent on nSMase2, whereas the packaging of disease-associated PrPSc into exosomes occurs independently of nSMase2. These findings provide further insight into prion transmission and identify a pathway which directly assists exosome-mediated transmission of prions.

Journal of Biological Chemistry published new progress about Aggregation. 6823-69-4 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C30H30Cl2N6O2, Computed Properties of 6823-69-4.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Sarkar, Satavisha; Banerjee, Arghya; Yao, Wang; Patterson, Eric V.; Ngai, Ming-Yu published the artcile< Photocatalytic Radical Aroylation of Unactivated Alkenes: Pathway to β-Functionalized 1,4-, 1,6-, and 1,7-Diketones>, Related Products of 1003-21-0, the main research area is unsym diketone preparation photoredox catalysis; aroyl chloride unactivated alkene aroylation photochem; 1,n-diketones; aroylation; migration; photoredox catalysis; unactivated alkenes.

The development of a photocatalytic strategy for the synthesis of β-functionalized unsym. 1,4-, 1,6-, and 1,7-diketones from aroyl chlorides and unactivated alkenes at room temperature is reported. The mild reaction conditions not only tolerate a wide range of functional groups and structural moieties, but also enable migration of a variety of distal groups including (hetero)arenes, nitrile, aldehyde, oxime derivative, and alkene. The efficiency of chirality transfer, factors that control the distal-group migration, and synthesis of carbocycles and heterocycles from the diketones are also described. Mechanistic studies suggest a reaction pathway involving a photocatalytic radical aroylation of unactivated alkenes followed by a distal-group migration, oxidation, and deprotonation to afford the desired diketones.

ACS Catalysis published new progress about Alcohols, unsaturated Role: RCT (Reactant), SPN (Synthetic Preparation), RACT (Reactant or Reagent), PREP (Preparation) (tertiary). 1003-21-0 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C4H5BrN2, Related Products of 1003-21-0.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Iddon, Brian; Lim, Bee Lan published the artcile< Metalation and metal-halogen exchange reactions of imidazoles>, Recommanded Product: 5-Bromo-1-methyl-1H-imidazole, the main research area is lithiation sulfuration ethoxymethylimidazole; imidazole lithiation sulfuration.

Imidazoles I (R = SPh, R1 = H, R2 = H, MeS) underwent lithiation and sulfuration to give thioimidazoles. E.g., I (R = SPh, R1 = R2 = H) was treated with BuLi in THF at -78° followed by addition of (PhS)2 to give I (R = R2 = SPh, R1 = H) quant. Similar treatment of I (R-R2 = Br) gave 67% I (R = SPh, R1 = R2 = Br).

Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications published new progress about Sulfuration. 1003-21-0 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C4H5BrN2, Recommanded Product: 5-Bromo-1-methyl-1H-imidazole.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Yan, Kui; Bai, Zhengwu; Huang, Shaohua published the artcile< NMR signal separation of ionic liquids by poly(sodium-p-styrenesulfonate)-assisted chromatographic NMR spectroscopy>, Application of C6H9ClN2O2, the main research area is ionic liquid polysodium styrenesulfonate chromatog NMR spectroscopy.

Diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY), dubbed chromatog. NMR spectroscopy, can be used to simultaneously distinguish and identify the structures of components in a mixture according to their different diffusion coefficients In order to improve the resolution of DOSY on the diffusion dimension, a lot of matrixes have been developed to expand the application of this technique in mixture anal. However, there is no matrix to detect the mixture of ionic liquids (ILs). Herein, we introduced a new matrix, poly(sodium-p-styrenesulfonate) (PSSNa), which can be used to fully sep. the signals of a mixture of different ILs. The mixture of three imidazolium ILs of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-allyl-3-vinylimidazolium bromide and 1-carboxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride could be fully distinguished by virtue of their different interactions with PSSNa. We also investigated the influences of PSSNa amount, IL concentration and solution pH value on the signal resolution of mixtures This work provides a scientific reference for the anal. of the other IL analytes.

Magnetic Resonance Letters published new progress about Chromatography. 700370-07-6 belongs to class imidazoles-derivatives, and the molecular formula is C6H9ClN2O2, Application of C6H9ClN2O2.

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem