Month: November 2022

On September 30, 2001, Mokkapati, Sanath K.; Fernandez de Henestrosa, A. R.; Bhagwat, Ashok S. published an article.Category: imidazoles-derivatives The title of the article was Escherichia coli DNA glycosylase Mug: a growth-regulated enzyme required for mutation avoidance in stationary-phase cells. And the article contained the following:

The Escherichia coli DNA glycosylase Mug (mismatched uracil glycosylase) excises 3,N4-ethenocytosines (εC) and uracils from DNA, but its biol. function is obscure. This is because εC is not found in E. coli DNA, and uracil-DNA glycosylase (Ung), a distinct enzyme, is much more efficient at removing uracils from DNA than Mug. We find that Mug is overexpressed as cells enter stationary phase, and it is maintained at a fairly high level in resting cells. This is true of cells grown in rich or minimal media, and the principal regulation of mug is at the level of mRNA. Although the expression of mug is strongly dependent on the stationary-phase sigma factor, σS, when cells are grown in minimal media, it shows only a modest dependence on σS when cells are grown in rich media. When mug cells are maintained in stationary phase for several days, they acquire many more mutations than their mug+ counterparts. This is true in ung as well as ung+ cells, and a majority of new mutations may not be C to T. Our results show that the biol. role of Mug parallels its expression in cells. It is expressed poorly in exponentially growing cells and has no apparent role in mutation avoidance in these cells. In contrast, Mug is fairly abundant in stationary-phase cells and has an important anti-mutator role at this stage of cell growth. Thus, Mug joins a very small coterie of DNA repair enzymes whose principal function is to avoid mutations in stationary-phase cells. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).Category: imidazoles-derivatives

The Article related to dna glycosylase mug stationary phase mutation avoidance, escherichia dna glycosylase mug stationary phase mutation avoidance, gene mug escherichia stationary phase, Biochemical Genetics: Genomic Processes and other aspects.Category: imidazoles-derivatives

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On June 17, 2021, Pade, Remi; Charpentier, Gael; Villard, Isabelle published a patent.Synthetic Route of 65896-14-2 The title of the patent was Mite infestation treatment. And the patent contained the following:

The invention relates to a compound of the invention, a salt thereof or a composition containing same as an acaricide, to a method for reducing or preventing an infestation of an animal by a mite, comprising exposing the mite to a compound of invention, to a composition comprising a compound of invention and a polymer, to a strap or a beehive comprising a compound such as detomidine. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).Synthetic Route of 65896-14-2

The Article related to miticides beehives cat collars dog, Agrochemical Bioregulators: Invertebrate and other aspects.Synthetic Route of 65896-14-2

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On March 31, 2015, Liu, Yang-hua; Zhou, Zhi-xiang; Zhang, Xiao-long; Li, Han-dong published an article.Recommanded Product: 5709-67-1 The title of the article was Development of QSAR model for predicting mutagenicity of aromatic compounds. And the article contained the following:

Quant. structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was developed for predicting the mutagenicity of aromatic compounds The log revertants data of S. typhimurium TA98 strain from Ames test have been collected. 225 Aromatic compounds were randomly divided into the training set with 186 mols. and test set with 39 mols. Multiple linear regression (MLR) anal. was used to select six descriptors from thousands of descriptors calculated by semi-empirical AM1 and E-dragon methods. The final QSAR model with six descriptors was internal and external validated. In addition, to validate the utility of our QSAR model for the chem. evaluation, three aromatic compounds were taken to test the predictive ability and reliability of the model exptl. The compounds selected for testing were not based on the predictions, thus spanning the range of predicted probabilities. The subsequently generated results of the Ames test were in good correspondence with the predictions and confirmed this approach as a useful means of predicting likely mutagenic risk of aromatic compounds The experimental process involved the reaction of 2-Nitro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole(cas: 5709-67-1).Recommanded Product: 5709-67-1

The Article related to mutagenicity aromatic compound qsar model, Toxicology: Methods (Including Analysis) and other aspects.Recommanded Product: 5709-67-1

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On February 28, 2007, Chen, Hauh-Jyun Candy; Kao, Chi-Fu published an article.Product Details of 55662-66-3 The title of the article was Effect of gender and cigarette smoking on urinary excretion of etheno DNA adducts in humans measured by isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. And the article contained the following:

Endogenous formation of the promutagenic DNA adducts 1,N6-ethenoadenine (εAde) and 3,N4-ethenocytosine (εCyt) has been considered as biomarkers originated from lipid peroxidation Elevated levels of εAde and εCyt were observed in cancer-prone tissues, suggesting the validity of these adducts in cancer risk assessment. The presence of DNA base adducts in biol. fluids is considered to derive primarily from base excision repair (BER) systems. In this study, a modified gas chromatog./mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method is developed for simultaneous anal. of εAde and εCyt in human urine. After adjusting for creatinine concentration, urinary excretion of εAde, as well as εCyt, is much higher in 18 male smokers than in 10 male nonsmokers (p = 0.003 for εAde and p = 0.04 for εCyt). Furthermore, excretion of εAde and εCyt in 14 female nonsmokers is much higher than in 10 male nonsmokers (p = 0.002 for εAde and p = 0.005 for εCyt). These results suggest a statistically significant association between gender, as well as smoking, and excretion of εAde and εCyt. Moreover, urinary excretion of εAde in these 42 subjects correlates with that of εCyt (R2 = 0.6846, p < 0.0001). Measurement of urinary εAde and εCyt excretion should provide valid noninvasive biomarkers for carcinogenesis and chemoprevention studies. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).Product Details of 55662-66-3

The Article related to gender cigarette smoking urine etheno dna adduct, Toxicology: Methods (Including Analysis) and other aspects.Product Details of 55662-66-3

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On February 29, 2008, Nair, Pramod C.; Sobhia, M. Elizabeth published an article.Electric Literature of 5709-67-1 The title of the article was Comparative QSTR studies for predicting mutagenicity of nitro compounds. And the article contained the following:

Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity are toxicol. endpoints which pose a great concern being the major determinants of cancers and tumors. Nitroarenes possess genotoxic properties as they can form various electrophilic intermediates and adducts with biol. systems. Different QSTR techniques were employed to develop models for the prediction of mutagenicity of nitroarenes using a diverse set of 197 nitro aromatic and hetero aromatic mols. The 2D and 3D QSTR methods used for model development gave statistically significant results. The alignment for 3D methods was obtained by maximum common substructures (MCS) approach, by taking the most mutagenic mol. of the dataset as the template. All the QSTR models were developed with the same set of training and test set mols. The 3D contours and 2D contribution maps along with mol. fingerprints provide useful information about the mutagenic potentials of the mols. The GFA based model shows thermodn. and topol. descriptors play an important role in characterizing mutagenicity of nitroarenes. At.-level thermodn. descriptor namely AlogP throws light on hydrophobic features and helps to understand the bilinear model. Topol. aspects of these classes of compounds were depicted by the fragment fingerprints and Balaban indexes obtained from HQSAR and GFA models, resp. The predictive abilities of 2D and 3D QSTR models may be useful as a vibrant predictive tool to screen out mutagenic nitroarenes and design safer non-mutagenic nitro compounds The experimental process involved the reaction of 2-Nitro-1H-benzo[d]imidazole(cas: 5709-67-1).Electric Literature of 5709-67-1

The Article related to mutagenicity nitroarene structure activity relationship, Toxicology: Methods (Including Analysis) and other aspects.Electric Literature of 5709-67-1

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On December 31, 2001, Chen, Hauh-Jyun Candy; Lin, Tai-Chun; Hong, Chia-Liang; Chiang, Li-Chang published an article.Formula: C6H5N3O The title of the article was Analysis of 3,N4-Ethenocytosine in DNA and in Human Urine by Isotope Dilution Gas Chromatography/Negative Ion Chemical Ionization/Mass Spectrometry. And the article contained the following:

The promutagenic etheno DNA adducts have been detected in tissue DNA of rodents and humans from various exogenous and endogenous sources. While other etheno DNA adducts have been detected and quantified by isotope dilution gas chromatog./neg. ion chem. ionization/mass spectrometry (GC/NICI/MS), similar anal. for 3,N4-ethenocytosine (εCyt) has not been available. In this report, a GC/NICI/MS assay was developed for detection and quantification of εCyt in DNA and in human urine samples. The stable isotope of εCyt with 7 mass units higher than the normal εCyt was synthesized and used as internal standard of the assay. The adduct-enriched fraction of DNA hydrolyzate was derivatized with pentafluorobenzyl bromide before GC/NICI/MS anal. with selective ion monitoring at [M – 181]- fragments of pentafluorobenzylated εCyt and its isotope analog. One femtogram (S/N > 40) of pentafluorobenzylated εCyt was detected when injected on column with selective ion monitoring mode. The limit of quantification for the entire assay was 7.4 fmol of εCyt, which was approx. one thousand times lower than that of the HPLC/fluorescence assay for the nucleoside 3,N4-etheno-2′-deoxycytidine in DNA. Anal. of chloroacetaldehyde-treated calf thymus DNA by both GC/NICI/MS and HPLC/fluorescence methods provided similar adduct levels and thus verified the assay. This GC/NICI/MS method was used for anal. of εCyt in two smokers’ urine samples and the average level of εCyt was 101±17 pg/mL/g of creatinine. Thus, quantification of Cyt in DNA and in urine by this highly specific and ultrasensitive isotope dilution GC/NICI/MS assay may facilitate research on the role of εCyt in carcinogenesis and in cancer development. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).Formula: C6H5N3O

The Article related to ethenocytosine dna adduct human urine isotope dilution gc ms, Toxicology: Methods (Including Analysis) and other aspects.Formula: C6H5N3O

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On July 31, 2004, Chen, Hauh-Jyun Candy; Wu, Chan-Fu; Hong, Chia-Liang; Chang, Chia-Ming published an article.Product Details of 55662-66-3 The title of the article was Urinary Excretion of 3,N4-Etheno-2′-deoxycytidine in Humans as a Biomarker of Oxidative Stress: Association with Cigarette Smoking. And the article contained the following:

Smokers are known to have elevated levels of lipid peroxidation, a form of oxidative stress. Etheno DNA adduct formation can originate from endogenous lipid peroxidation or from exogenous exposure of carcinogens. Using a modified stable isotope dilution GC/neg. ion chem. ionization/MS assay originally developed for urinary 3,N4-ethenocytosine (εCyt), the nucleoside 3,N4-etheno-2′-deoxycytidine (εdCyd) was detected for the first time in human urine. The presence of εdCyd in human urine was confirmed by LC/electrospray ionization/tandem MS. Concentrations of εdCyd in the 24 h urine samples from healthy individuals not occupationally exposed to industrial chems. were in the range between 0 and 0.80 nM. A statistically significant correlation was established between cigarette smoking and urinary excretion of εdCyd after being adjusted for creatinine (p = 0.004). Furthermore, the urinary total antioxidant capacity was found to correlate inversely with the εdCyd levels (r = -0.50, p = 0.02). The results indicate that urinary εdCyd may provide a valuable noninvasive biomarker for oxidative DNA damage. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).Product Details of 55662-66-3

The Article related to urine etheno deoxycytidine biomarker oxidative stress cigarette smoking, Toxicology: Methods (Including Analysis) and other aspects.Product Details of 55662-66-3

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On November 30, 1993, Helmenstine, A.; Uziel, M.; Vo-Dinh, T. published an article.Application of 55662-66-3 The title of the article was Measurement of DNA adducts using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. And the article contained the following:

Many hazardous pollutants have chem. groups of toxicol. importance that can be characterized and detected by Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopists have recently been able to analyze dilute biol. samples as a result of enhancements in the Raman scattering cross section by factors up to 1010 when a compound is adsorbed on or near a special electron-conducting surface. These spectacular enhancement factors of the normally weak Raman scattering process help overcome the low sensitivity of Raman spectroscopy through a combination of electromagnetic and chem. interactions between the analyte mol. and the surface. The technique associated with this phenomenon is known as surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (SERS). The special conductive surface responsible for the scattering enhancement is referred to as a SERS substrate. For the past few years the authors have developed the SERS technique, using practical SERS-active substrate materials based on silver-coated microspheres deposited on glass. A wide variety of biomarkers have been investigated, including benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene epoxides, 1,N6-ethenoadenine, 3,N4-ethenocytosine, and other substances. These biomarkers were measured at a nanogram and subnanogram levels. The exptl. results are of great anal. interest, since these chems. are difficult to detect by other techniques, such as luminescence spectroscopy, because of the weak luminescence quantum yields of these DNA adducts. In this paper the potential usefulness of the SERS technique for assessing environmental and health effects from human exposure to toxic pollutants is demonstrated. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).Application of 55662-66-3

The Article related to dna adduct carcinogen determination raman spectroscopy, surface enhanced raman spectroscopy dna adduct, Toxicology: Methods (Including Analysis) and other aspects.Application of 55662-66-3

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Li, Yang; Niu, Yimin; Zhu, Jianhua; Gao, Cuicui; Xu, Qunwei; He, Zhiyu; Chen, Dawei; Xu, Ming; Liu, Yang published an article in 2020, the title of the article was Tailor-made legumain/pH dual-responsive doxorubicin prodrug-embedded nanoparticles for efficient anticancer drug delivery and in situ monitoring of drug release.Safety of N-(3-Aminopropyl)-imidazole And the article contains the following content:

Legumain enzyme is a well-conserved lysosomal cysteine protease and is over-expressed in many tumor cells and tumor stromal cells and exhibits higher protease activity under acidic conditions, such as in lysosomes and endosomes. Legumain enzyme-triggered drug delivery systems have demonstrated potential therapeutic values in cancer targeted therapy. In tumor cells, DS-NA could disassemble rapidly in acidic environments, and then release doxorubicin through legumain digestion. Except as a drug vector, the drug release process from DS-NA could also be dynamically monitored by CLSM as the DOX was released from the surface of CDs through the AANL peptide linker digested by legumain, then transferred into the cell nucleus and exerted cytotoxicity, while the CDs themselves remained in the cytoplasm. As a control, the CDs-C9-DOX, which did not contain the AANL peptide linker, also still resided in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, in vivo studies show that DS-NA had a stronger inhibitory effect on tumor tissue with attenuated side effects to normal tissues than control nanoparticles or free drugs, which may be due to comprehensive effects including pH/legumain dual-triggered drug release, long blood circulation periods, and EPR effects. Together, a combination strategy of acid sensitivity and legumain enzyme sensitivity used for site-specific controlled release of drugs provides a novel method for enhanced and precise antitumor chemotherapy. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(3-Aminopropyl)-imidazole(cas: 5036-48-6).Safety of N-(3-Aminopropyl)-imidazole

The Article related to ductal breast cancer legumain ph doxorubicin release nanoparticle anticancer, Pharmaceuticals: Pharmacognostic Products and other aspects.Safety of N-(3-Aminopropyl)-imidazole

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On August 31, 2012, Olipitz, Werner; Wiktor-Brown, Dominika; Shuga, Joe; Pang, Bo; McFaline, Jose; Lonkar, Pallavi; Thomas, Aline; Mutamba, James T.; Greenberger, Joel S.; Samson, Leona D.; Dedon, Peter C.; Yanch, Jacquelyn C.; Engelward, Bevin P. published an article.Formula: C6H5N3O The title of the article was Integrated molecular analysis indicates undetectable change in DNA damage in mice after continuous irradiation at ∼ 400-fold natural background radiation. And the article contained the following:

Background: In the event of a nuclear accident, people are exposed to elevated levels of continuous low dose-rate radiation. Nevertheless, most of the literature describes the biol. effects of acute radiation. Objectives: DNA damage and mutations are well established for their carcinogenic effects. We assessed several key markers of DNA damage and DNA damage responses in mice exposed to low dose-rate radiation to reveal potential genotoxic effects associated with low dose-rate radiation. Methods: We studied low dose-rate radiation using a variable low dose-rate irradiator consisting of flood phantoms filled with 125Iodine-containing buffer. Mice were exposed to 0.0002 cGy/min (∼400-fold background radiation) continuously over 5 wk. We assessed base lesions, micronuclei, homologous recombination (HR; using fluorescent yellow direct repeat mice), and transcript levels for several radiation-sensitive genes. Results: We did not observe any changes in the levels of the DNA nucleobase damage products hypoxanthine, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine, 1,N6-ethenoadenine, or 3,N4-ethenocytosine above background levels under low dose-rate conditions. The micronucleus assay revealed no evidence that low dose-rate radiation induced DNA fragmentation, and there was no evidence of double strand break-induced HR. Furthermore, low dose-rate radiation did not induce Cdkn1a, Gadd45a, Mdm2, Atm, or Dbd2. Importantly, the same total dose, when delivered acutely, induced micronuclei and transcriptional responses. Conclusions: These results demonstrate in an in vivo animal model that lowering the dose-rate suppresses the potentially deleterious impact of radiation and calls attention to the need for a deeper understanding of the biol. impact of low dose-rate radiation. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).Formula: C6H5N3O

The Article related to ionizing radiation background radioactivity dna damage, Radiation Biochemistry: Effects In Mammals and other aspects.Formula: C6H5N3O

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem