Month: February 2023

ROS-mediated autophagy through the AMPK signaling pathway protects INS-1 cells from human islet amyloid polypeptide-induced cytotoxicity was written by Xia, Guanghao;Zhu, Tiehong;Li, Xiaotong;Jin, Yujing;Zhou, Jing;Xiao, Jinfeng. And the article was included in Molecular Medicine Reports in 2018.Recommanded Product: 1H-Imidazole-4-carboxamide This article mentions the following:

Oligomerization of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) is toxic and contributes to progressive reduction of β cell mass in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, the present study investigated the underlying mol. mechanism and regulatory pathway of hIAPP-induced autophagy. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the number of autophagosome in cells. Cell viability was determined by an MTT test. A 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate assay was used to measure the relative levels of reactive ROS. Western blotting was used to detect expression of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and autophagic markers p62 and microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3. The results demonstrated that hIAPP induces autophagy through ROS-mediated AMPK signaling pathway in INS-1 cells. Upregulation of autophagy by AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide1-β-D-ribofurano side decreased ROS and malondialdehyde generation, whereas inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine and AMPK inhibitor compound C aggravated hIAPP-induced oxidative stress and toxicity in INS-1 cells. Taken together, the present study suggested that hIAPP induces autophagy via a ROS-mediated AMPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, autophagy serves as a cell-protective mechanism against hIAPP-induced toxicity and chem. promotion of autophagy through AMPK signaling pathway attenuates hIAPP induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in INS-1 cells. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1H-Imidazole-4-carboxamide (cas: 26832-08-6Recommanded Product: 1H-Imidazole-4-carboxamide).

1H-Imidazole-4-carboxamide (cas: 26832-08-6) belongs to imidazole derivatives. Many natural products, especially alkaloids, contain the imidazole ring. These imidazoles share the 1,3-C3N2 ring but feature varied substituents. Imidazole derivatives have antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer functionality. It interacts with DNA and also binds to protein and stops cell division.Recommanded Product: 1H-Imidazole-4-carboxamide

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Synthesis and pharmacological activity N-aryloxyethyl derivatives of 9H-2,3-dihydroimidazo- and 10H-2,3,4,10-tetrahydropyrimido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles was written by Anisimova, V. A.;Spasov, A. A.;Stepanov, A. V.;Ar’kova, N. V.;Jakovlev, D. S.. And the article was included in Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal in 2006.HPLC of Formula: 24134-26-7 This article mentions the following:

A series of N-aryloxyethyl derivatives of 9H-2,3-dihydroimidazo- and 10H-2,3,4,10-tetrahydropyrimido-[1,2-a]benzimidazoles, e.g. I·HCl, have been synthesized and tested for pharmacol. properties. It is established that most of the synthesized substances exhibit antiarrhythmic, antiaggregant and hemorheol. activity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2,3-Dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazo[1,2-a]imidazole (cas: 24134-26-7HPLC of Formula: 24134-26-7).

2,3-Dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazo[1,2-a]imidazole (cas: 24134-26-7) belongs to imidazole derivatives. Many natural products, especially alkaloids, contain the imidazole ring. These imidazoles share the 1,3-C3N2 ring but feature varied substituents. Imidazole also acts as a microtubule destabilizing agents and inhibits topoisomerase and Cytochrome P450 Family 26 Subfamily A Member 1 (CYP26A1) enzymes.HPLC of Formula: 24134-26-7

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Hiding the Headgroup? Remarkable Similarity in Alkyl Coverage of the Surfaces of Pyrrolidinium- and Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids was written by Tesa-Serrate, Maria A.;Smoll, Eric J.;D’Andrea, Lucia;Purcell, Simon M.;Costen, Matthew L.;Bruce, Duncan W.;Slattery, John M.;Minton, Timothy K.;McKendrick, Kenneth G.. And the article was included in Journal of Physical Chemistry C in 2016.Synthetic Route of C18H31F6N3O4S2 This article mentions the following:

The liquid-vacuum interfaces of a series of ionic liquids (ILs) containing 1-alkyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium ([C_nmpyrr]⁺) cations of different alkyl chain lengths have been studied by reactive-atom scattering with laser-induced fluorescence detection (RAS-LIF) and mol. dynamics (MD) simulations. A direct, quant. comparison has been performed between [C_nmpyrr]⁺ and the previously better-characterized 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ([C_nmim]⁺) ILs with the same chain lengths, n, and common anion, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Tf₂N]^–). Both RAS-LIF experiments, using O(³P) as the projectile and monitoring OH yield, and MD simulations indicate that the coverage of the surface by alkyl chains is almost independent of the identity of the cation headgroup. Moreover, the potentially abstractable H atoms of the saturated pyrrolidinium ring do not contribute appreciably to the exptl. OH yield. In both these senses, therefore, the headgroup is “hidden” from the probe particles approaching from vacuum. More predictably, the alkyl coverage depends strongly and nonstoichiometrically on the length of the alkyl chain, n, for either cation. These results imply the presence of an alkyl-rich layer on the surface formed by preferential orientation of the cations to expose their chains to the vacuum phase. We suggest that the lack of dependence of the packing d. of this layer on cation type results from compensating effects of charge d. and steric blocking. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Dodecyl-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide (cas: 404001-48-5Synthetic Route of C18H31F6N3O4S2).

3-Dodecyl-1-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)amide (cas: 404001-48-5) belongs to imidazole derivatives. 1H-imidazole is an imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1. It is a conjugate base of an imidazolium cation. It is a conjugate acid of an imidazolide. It is a tautomer of a 4H-imidazole. Imidazole has been usedin the lysis, wash and elution buffer for the purification of histidine tagged Sonic Hedgehog(shh-N) protein, in elution buffer in stepwise gradient for the purification of histidine tagged aldo keto reductases using nickel affinity chromatography, as a component of homogenization buffer for the purification of phagosomal compartments from dendritic cells.Synthetic Route of C18H31F6N3O4S2

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Separation of nitroimidazoles by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography was written by Sithole, Bishop B.;Guy, Robert D.. And the article was included in Talanta in 1986.Quality Control of 1-Methyl-4-nitroimidazole This article mentions the following:

A mixture of 8 N-substituted and unsubstituted nitroimidazoles was separated by high-pressure liquid chromatog. with 5% EtOH as the eluent. Compounds with the same capacity ratios were selectively detected electrochem. by differential pulse polarog. with a hanging Hg drop electrode (HMDE). The HMDE detector had higher detection limits than the photometric detector set at 315 nm. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Methyl-4-nitroimidazole (cas: 3034-41-1Quality Control of 1-Methyl-4-nitroimidazole).

1-Methyl-4-nitroimidazole (cas: 3034-41-1) belongs to imidazole derivatives. The solubility of imidazoles in ethers is lower than that in alcohols and decreases with increasing chain length of the ethers . In contrast, the solubility of benzimidazoles in alcohols (C3–C6) is higher than in water and generally decreases with a The pharmacophore of imidazole exists in bioactive compounds including amino acids, plant growth regulators and therapeutic agents.n increase of the alkyl chain length of the alcohols. Quality Control of 1-Methyl-4-nitroimidazole

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Phase Equilibria and Diffusivities of HFC-32 and HFC-125 in Ionic Liquids for the Separation of R-410A was written by Baca, Kalin R.;Olsen, Greta M.;Matamoros Valenciano, Lucia;Bennett, Madelyn G.;Haggard, Dorothy M.;Befort, Bridgette J.;Garciadiego, Alejandro;Dowling, Alexander W.;Maginn, Edward J.;Shiflett, Mark B.. And the article was included in ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering in 2022.Quality Control of 1-Methyl-3-propylimidazolium Chloride This article mentions the following:

Current legislation calling for the phase out of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants is driving a global market shift that has prompted industry and research institutions to investigate new refrigerant mixtures and sustainable separation techniques for recycling refrigerants. The recent American Innovation and Manufacturing (AIM) Act of 2020 requires an 85% phase down of HFC production over the next 15 years. To achieve this goal, azeotropic refrigerant mixtures, such as R-410A composed of 50 wt % HFC-32 (difluoromethane, CH₂F₂) and 50 wt % HFC-125 (pentafluoroethane, CHF₂CF₃), will have to be separated to recycle the lower global warming HFC-32 component. The present work investigates the solubility of HFC-32 and HFC-125 in six ionic liquids (ILs) with halogen anions for the purpose of developing the thermophys. property data required for designing extractive distillation recycling processes and understanding the choice of cation and anion type. A gravimetric microbalance was used to collect isothermal vapor-liquid equilibrium data for each of the ILs at 298.15 K and pressures from 0.05 to 1.0 MPa. The Peng-Robinson equation of state was used to model the solubility of the HFCs in the ILs. The solubility of HFC-32 in the ILs showed small differences, while the solubility of HFC-125 had significant variations with respect to the anion type and the cation alkyl chain length. Fick’s law was applied to calculate diffusion coefficients for each HFC/IL system. HFC-32 has a greater diffusivity than HFC-125 based on the smaller mol. size. The 1-n-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and the trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride ILs have the highest HFC-125/HFC-32 selectivity at 298.15 K. Based on both the mass uptake and selectivity ratio, these two ILs are potential entrainers for the separation of R-410A using extractive distillation In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Methyl-3-propylimidazolium Chloride (cas: 79917-89-8Quality Control of 1-Methyl-3-propylimidazolium Chloride).

1-Methyl-3-propylimidazolium Chloride (cas: 79917-89-8) belongs to imidazole derivatives. 1H-imidazole is an imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1. It is a conjugate base of an imidazolium cation. It is a conjugate acid of an imidazolide. It is a tautomer of a 4H-imidazole. Imidazole based anticancer drug find applications in cancer chemotherapy. It is used as buffer component for purification of the histidine tagged recombinant proteins in immobilized metal-affinity chromatography (IMAC).Quality Control of 1-Methyl-3-propylimidazolium Chloride

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Solid Phase Synthesis of Polyamides Containing Imidazole and Pyrrole Amino Acids was written by Baird, Eldon E.;Dervan, Peter B.. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 1996.Application In Synthesis of Ethyl 1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazole-2-carboxylate This article mentions the following:

The solid phase synthesis of sequence specific DNA binding polyamides containing N-methylimidazole (Im) and N-methylpyrrole (Py) amino acids is described. Two monomer building blocks, Boc-Py-OBt ester and Boc-Im acid, are prepared on a 50 g scale without column chromatog. Using com. available Boc-β-alanine-Pam resin, cycling protocols were optimized to afford high stepwise coupling yields (>99%). Deprotection by aminolysis affords up to 100 mg quantities of polyamide. Solid phase methodol. increases both the number and complexity of minor groove binding polyamides which can be synthesized and analyzed with regard to DNA binding affinity and sequence specificity. The solid phase synthesis of a representative eight-residue polyamide is reported. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl 1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazole-2-carboxylate (cas: 109012-23-9Application In Synthesis of Ethyl 1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazole-2-carboxylate).

Ethyl 1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazole-2-carboxylate (cas: 109012-23-9) belongs to imidazole derivatives. The solubility of imidazoles in ethers is lower than that in alcohols and decreases with increasing chain length of the ethers . In contrast, the solubility of benzimidazoles in alcohols (C3–C6) is higher than in water and generally decreases with a The pharmacophore of imidazole exists in bioactive compounds including amino acids, plant growth regulators and therapeutic agents.n increase of the alkyl chain length of the alcohols. Application In Synthesis of Ethyl 1-methyl-4-nitro-1H-imidazole-2-carboxylate

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Catalytic asymmetric cyclopropanation of sulfoxonium ylides catalyzed by a chiral-at-metal rhodium complex was written by Ming, Siliang;Yang, Jian;Wu, Shi;Yao, Gang;Xiong, Hongwei;Du, Yu;Gong, Jun. And the article was included in Organic Chemistry Frontiers in 2022.SDS of cas: 85692-37-1 This article mentions the following:

An efficient asym. cyclopropanation of sulfoxonium ylides RC(O)CH:S(O)Me₂ (R = Ph, 2-thienyl, 2-naphthyl, etc.) with α,β-unsaturated 2-acyl imidazoles I (R¹ = Ph, 2-furyl, 2-naphthyl, etc.; R² = Me, Ph, i-Pr) catalyzed by a chiral-at-metal rhodium complex has been developed. The enantioenriched cyclopropane derivatives II bearing three contiguous tertiary stereocenters were obtained in generally high yields (up to 98%) with excellent stereoselectivities (up to > 20:1 dr, > 99% ee). Remarkably, as low as 0.1 mol% of the chiral Rh(III) complex can catalyze a scale-up reaction with excellent yield and enantioselectivity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(1-Methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)ethanone (cas: 85692-37-1SDS of cas: 85692-37-1).

1-(1-Methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)ethanone (cas: 85692-37-1) belongs to imidazole derivatives. The solubility of imidazoles in ethers is lower than that in alcohols and decreases with increasing chain length of the ethers . In contrast, the solubility of benzimidazoles in alcohols (C3–C6) is higher than in water and generally decreases with a This ring system is present in important biological building blocks, such as histidine and the related hormone histamine.SDS of cas: 85692-37-1

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Light-driven enantioselective synthesis of pyrroline derivatives by a radical/polar cascade reaction was written by Rodriguez, Ricardo I.;Mollari, Leonardo;Aleman, Jose. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2021.HPLC of Formula: 85692-37-1 This article mentions the following:

Herein, a light-driven, atom-economical process that provides access to enantiomerically enriched substituted chiral 1-pyrroline derivatives is introduced. The strategy involves the distal functionalization of acyl heterocycles through a hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) process and the use of tailor-made ketimines as reliable electrophilic partners. This transformation is translated into an enantiomerically controlled radical/polar cascade reaction in which water is produced as the sole byproduct and stereoselectivity is dictated by coordination to a chiral-at-rhodium catalyst. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(1-Methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)ethanone (cas: 85692-37-1HPLC of Formula: 85692-37-1).

1-(1-Methyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)ethanone (cas: 85692-37-1) belongs to imidazole derivatives. Imidazole is the basic core of some natural products such as histidine, purine, histamine and DNA based structures, etc. Among the different heterocyclic compounds, imidazole is better known due to its broad range of chemical and biological properties. Imidazole has been usedin the lysis, wash and elution buffer for the purification of histidine tagged Sonic Hedgehog(shh-N) protein, in elution buffer in stepwise gradient for the purification of histidine tagged aldo keto reductases using nickel affinity chromatography, as a component of homogenization buffer for the purification of phagosomal compartments from dendritic cells.HPLC of Formula: 85692-37-1

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents as effective electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells was written by Nguyen, De;Van Huynh, Tuan;Nguyen, Vinh Son;Doan Cao, Phuong-Lien;Nguyen, Hai Truong;Wei, Tzu-Chien;Tran, Phuong Hoang;Nguyen, Phuong Tuyet. And the article was included in RSC Advances in 2021.COA of Formula: C8H8N2 This article mentions the following:

Electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells remain a challenge for large-scale production and commercialization, hindering the wide application of solar cells. We have developed two new electrolyte-based deep eutectic solvents using a mixture of choline chloride with urea and with ethylene glycol for dye-sensitized solar cells. The prominent features of the two deep eutectic solvent electrolytes are simple preparation for large-scale production with inexpensive, available, and nontoxic starting materials and biodegradability. The solar cell devices proceeded in a safe manner as the two deep eutectic solvents afforded low-cost technol. and comparative conversion efficiency to a popular ionic liquid, namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate. Results showed that devices with choline chloride and urea electrolyte exhibited improved open circuit voltage values (V_OC), while the ones with choline chloride and ethylene glycol showed an increase in the short circuit current (I_sc). Characterization of the devices by electrochem. impedance spectroscopy helped explain the effects of their mol. structures on the enhancement of either V_OC or Isc values. These new solvents expand the electrolyte choices for designing dye-sensitized solar cells, especially for the purpose of using low-cost and eco-friendly materials for massive production In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Methylbenzimidazole (cas: 1632-83-3COA of Formula: C8H8N2).

1-Methylbenzimidazole (cas: 1632-83-3) belongs to imidazole derivatives. Imidazole is the basic core of some natural products such as histidine, purine, histamine and DNA based structures, etc. Among the different heterocyclic compounds, imidazole is better known due to its broad range of chemical and biological properties. Imidazole is incorporated into many important biological compounds. The most pervasive is the amino acid histidine, which has an imidazole side-chain. Histidine is present in many proteins and enzymes, e.g. by binding metal cofactors, as seen in hemoglobin.COA of Formula: C8H8N2

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Mass spectral behavior of 5(6)-substituted benzimidazoles was written by Mathias, L. J.;Overberger, C. G.. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 1978.Electric Literature of C8H8N2 This article mentions the following:

Three general classes of 5(6)-substituted benzimidazoles were compared according to common or similar fragmentation pathways in the mass spectrometer. The 5(6)-alkyl derivatives fragment through a common intermediate of m/e 131, which possess a ring-expanded structure resembling that of 1,3-diazaazulene. Competitive pathways exist for loss of the 2 C atom and carbocyclic ring C atoms with HCN or CN• fragments. The 2nd general group of derivatives fragments by complete loss of the 5(6) substituent (NO₂, Cl, CO₂H, COMe) to give a common ion of m/e 117. The similar behavior of several 5(6)-alkenylbenzimidazoles implies fragmentation through a common m/e 143 ion which may result from a ring-expansion process similar to that of styrene. ¹³C-labeled compounds are used for common ion identification in all cases. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 7-Methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (cas: 4887-83-6Electric Literature of C8H8N2).

7-Methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazole (cas: 4887-83-6) belongs to imidazole derivatives. 1H-imidazole is an imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1. It is a conjugate base of an imidazolium cation. It is a conjugate acid of an imidazolide. It is a tautomer of a 4H-imidazole. Imidazole derivatives have antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer functionality. It interacts with DNA and also binds to protein and stops cell division.Electric Literature of C8H8N2

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem