5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Synthesis in Nonaqueous Two-Phase Systems (NTPS)-PC-SAFT Predictions and Validation was written by Knierbein, Michael;Voges, Matthias;Held, Christoph. And the article was included in Organic Process Research & Development in 2020.COA of Formula: C4H7ClN2 This article mentions the following:
The condensation reaction of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is acid-catalyzed, and it suffers from thermodn. limitation of the conversion, poor kinetics as well as consecutive reactions such as formation of humins from HMF. Different approaches exist to overcome these limitations. In this work, the combination of a non-aqueous solvent and a suitable extraction system is presented that ensures high reaction selectivity at full conversion, fast kinetics, and high partition selectivity of product HMF over reactant fructose, keeping the temperature as low as 70°C. In a first step of the work, the equation of state PC-SAFT was used to predict solvent effects on the reaction equilibrium of homoge-nous reaction systems. It was found that the two hydrophilic ILs [BMIM]Cl and [MIM]Cl shifted the reaction equilibrium to the product side by factors of 230 and 40, resp., compared to the reaction in water. The predictions were verified by exptl. data, which showed full conversion of fructose to HMF within less than 20 (60) minutes for the reaction in [MIM]Cl ([BMIM]Cl) with high selectivity of up to 80%. Even more, the reaction in [MIM]Cl solvent did not require adding catalyst due to the acidic character of this IL. In a second step of this work, an in-situ extraction of HMF was performed using a non-aqueous two-phase reaction system NTPS that was designed with PC-SAFT. The NTPS contains the reaction phase (either [BMIM]Cl or [MIM]Cl) and the extraction agent, i.e. one of the ketones MEK, MIBK, or Et acetate. These IL+organic solvent NTPSs were analyzed and evaluated towards fructose conversion and partitioning of fructose and of HMF. PC-SAFT predicted that among all systems studied in this work, the NTPS IL+MEK was most promising for the reaction of fructose to HMF and the in-situ removal of HMF from fructose. Exptl. results could validate the PC-SAFT predictions; i.e., IL+MEK NTPSs allowed efficient conversion of fructose to HMF and partition selectivity of HMF over fructose of about 100%. This new NTPS does not require addnl. catalyst due to the acidity of [MIM]Cl; it allows high reaction selectivity of 87% at 20 min and 93% conversion, and it moreover provides high separation efficiency. In sum, these results open the door for further developments of in-situ extraction systems in the future for efficient and fast fructose conversion and HMF separation from the reacting phase keeping temperature as low as possible. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride (cas: 35487-17-3COA of Formula: C4H7ClN2).
1-Methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium chloride (cas: 35487-17-3) belongs to imidazole derivatives. Many natural products, especially alkaloids, contain the imidazole ring. These imidazoles share the 1,3-C3N2 ring but feature varied substituents. Many drugs contain an imidazole ring, such as certain antifungal drugs, the nitroimidazole series of antibiotics, and the sedative midazolam.COA of Formula: C4H7ClN2
Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem