Tag: 100-200

Borys-Brzywczy, Ewa; Arczewska, Katarzyna D.; Saparbaev, Murat; Hardeland, Ulrike; Schaer, Primo; Kusmierek, Jaroslaw T. published an article in 2005, the title of the article was Mismatch dependent uracil/thymine-DNA glycosylases excise exocyclic hydroxyethano and hydroxypropano cytosine adducts.HPLC of Formula: 55662-66-3 And the article contains the following content:

Exocyclic adducts of DNA bases, such as etheno- and hydroxyalkano- ones, are generated by a variety of bifunctional agents, including endogenously formed products of lipid peroxidation In this work we selectively modified cytosines in the 5′-d(TTT TTT CTT TTT CTT TTT CTT TTT T)-3′ oligonucleotide using: chloroacetaldehyde to obtain 3,N4-α-hydroxyethano- (HEC) and 3,N4-etheno- (εC), acrolein to obtain. 3,N4-α-hydroxypropano- (HPC) and crotonaldehyde to obtain 3,N4-α-hydroxy-γ-methylpropano- (mHPC) adducts of cytosine. The studied adducts are alkali-labile which results in oligonucleotide strain breaks at the sites of modification upon strong base treatment. The oligonucleotides carrying adducted cytosines were studied as substrates of Escherichia coli Mug, human TDG and fission yeast Thp1p glycosylases. All the adducts studied are excised by bacterial Mug although with various efficiency: εC > HEC > HPC > mHPC. The yeast enzyme excises efficiently εC ≥ HEC > HPC, whereas the human enzyme excises only εC. The pH-dependence curves of excision of εC, HEC and HPC by Mug are bell shaped and the most efficient excision of adducts occurs within the pH range of 8.6-9.6. The observed increase of excision of HEC and HPC above pH 7.2 can be explained by deprotonation of these adducts, which are high pKa compounds and exist in a protonated form at neutrality. On the other hand, since εC is in a neutral form in the pH range studied, we postulate an involvement of an addnl. catalytic factor. We hypothesize that the enzyme structure undergoes a pH-induced rearrangement allowing the participation of Lys68 of Mug in catalysis via a hydrogen bond interaction of its ε-amino group with N4 of the cytosine exocyclic adducts. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).HPLC of Formula: 55662-66-3

The Article related to mismatch uracil thymine dna glycosylase hydroxyethano hydroxypropano cytosine, Enzymes: Substrates-Cofactors-Inhibitors-Activators-Coenzymes-Products and other aspects.HPLC of Formula: 55662-66-3

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On October 5, 2004, Guliaev, Anton B.; Singer, B.; Hang, Bo published an article.SDS of cas: 55662-66-3 The title of the article was Chloroethylnitrosourea-derived ethano cytosine and adenine adducts are substrates for Escherichia coli glycosylases excising analogous etheno adducts. And the article contained the following:

Exocyclic ethano DNA adducts are saturated etheno ring derivatives formed mainly by therapeutic chloroethylnitrosoureas (CNUs), which are also mutagenic and carcinogenic. In this work, we report that two of the ethano adducts, 3,N4-ethanocytosine (EC) and 1,N6-ethanoadenine (EA), are novel substrates for the Escherichia coli mismatch-specific uracil-DNA glycosylase (Mug) and 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase II (AlkA), resp. It has been shown previously that Mug excises 3,N4-ethenocytosine (εC) and AlkA releases 1,N6-ethenoadenine (εA). Using synthetic oligonucleotides containing a single ethano or etheno adduct, we found that both glycosylases had a ∼20-fold lower excision activity toward EC or EA than that toward their structurally analogous εC or εA adduct. Both enzymes were capable of excising the ethano base paired with any of the four natural bases, but with varying efficiencies. The Mug activity toward EC could be stimulated by E. coli endonuclease IV and, more efficiently, by exonuclease III. Mol. dynamics (MD) simulations showed similar structural features of the etheno and ethano derivatives when present in DNA duplexes. However, also as shown by MD, the stacking interaction between the EC base and Phe 30 in the Mug active site is reduced as compared to the εC base, which could account for the lower EC activity observed in this study. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).SDS of cas: 55662-66-3

The Article related to dna repair methyladenine uracil dna glycosylase ethanocytosine ethanoadenine, Enzymes: Substrates-Cofactors-Inhibitors-Activators-Coenzymes-Products and other aspects.SDS of cas: 55662-66-3

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Maciejewska, Agnieszka M.; Poznanski, Jaroslaw; Kaczmarska, Zuzanna; Krowisz, Beata; Nieminuszczy, Jadwiga; Polkowska-Nowakowska, Agnieszka; Grzesiuk, Elzbieta; Kusmierek, Jaroslaw T. published an article in 2013, the title of the article was AlkB Dioxygenase Preferentially Repairs Protonated Substrates.Synthetic Route of 55662-66-3 And the article contains the following content:

Efficient repair by Escherichia coli AlkB dioxygenase of exocyclic DNA adducts 3,N4-ethenocytosine, 1,N6-ethenoadenine, 3,N4-α-hydroxyethanocytosine, and reported here for the first time 3,N4-α-hydroxypropanocytosine, requires higher Fe(II) concentration than the reference 3-methylcytosine. The pH optimum for the repair follows the order of pKa values for protonation of the adduct, suggesting that pos. charged substrates favorably interact with the neg. charged carboxylic group of Asp-135 side chain in the enzyme active center. This interaction is supported by mol. modeling, indicating that 1,N6-ethenoadenine and 3,N4-ethenocytosine are bound to AlkB more favorably in their protonated cationic forms. An anal. of the pattern of intermol. interactions that stabilize the location of the ligand points to a role of Asp-135 in recognition of the adduct in its protonated form. Moreover, ab initio calculations also underline the role of substrate protonation in lowering the free energy barrier of the transition state of epoxidation of the etheno adducts studied. The observed time courses of repair of mixtures of stereoisomers of 3,N4-α-hydroxyethanocytosine or 3,N4-α-hydroxypropanocytosine are unequivocally two-exponential curves, indicating that the resp. isomers are repaired by AlkB with different efficiencies. Mol. modeling of these adducts bound by AlkB allowed evaluation of the participation of their possible conformational states in the enzymic reaction. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).Synthetic Route of 55662-66-3

The Article related to alkb dioxygenase recognition exocyclic dna adduct protonation, Enzymes: Substrates-Cofactors-Inhibitors-Activators-Coenzymes-Products and other aspects.Synthetic Route of 55662-66-3

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On March 31, 2020, Tsukamoto, Yumiko; Tamura, Toshiki; Maeda, Yumi; Miyake, Kensuke; Ato, Manabu published an article.Application In Synthesis of N-Methyl-7H-purin-6-amine The title of the article was N6-methylated adenine on the target sites of mamA from Mycobacterium bovis BCG enhances macrophage activation by CpG DNA in mice. And the article contained the following:

CpG motifs in DNA sequences are recognized by Toll-like receptor 9 and activate immune cells. Bacterial genomic DNA (gDNA) has modified cytosine bases (5-methylcytosine [5 mC]) and modified adenine bases (6-methyladenine [6 mA]). 5 mC inhibits immune activation by CpG DNA; however, it is unclear whether 6 mA inhibits immune activation by CpG DNA. Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG) has three adenine methyltransferases (MTases) that act on specific target sequences. In this study, we examined whether the 6 mA at the target sites of adenine MTases affected the immunostimulatory activity of CpG DNA. Our results showed that only 6 mA located at the target sequence of mamA, an adenine MTase from BCG, enhanced interleukin (IL)-12p40 production from murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) stimulated with CpG DNA. Enhancement of IL-12p40 production in BMDMs was also observed when BMDMs were stimulated with CpG DNA ligated to oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) harboring 6 mA. Accordingly, we then evaluated whether gDNA from adenine MTase-deficient BCG was less efficient with regard to stimulation of BMDMs. Indeed, gDNA from a mamA-deficient BCG had less ability to activate BMDMs than that from wild-type BCG. We concluded from these results that adenine methylation on ODNs and bacterial gDNA may enhance immune activity induced by CpG DNA. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-Methyl-7H-purin-6-amine(cas: 443-72-1).Application In Synthesis of N-Methyl-7H-purin-6-amine

The Article related to mycobacterium cpg dna adenine methylation macrophage, Immunochemistry: Other (Immunity, Immune Suppression, Tolerance, etc.) and other aspects.Application In Synthesis of N-Methyl-7H-purin-6-amine

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On December 31, 2012, Prorok, Paulina; Saint-Pierre, Christine; Gasparutto, Didier; Fedorova, Olga S.; Ishchenko, Alexander A.; Leh, Herve; Buckle, Malcolm; Tudek, Barbara; Saparbaev, Murat published an article.Formula: C6H5N3O The title of the article was Highly mutagenic exocyclic DNA adducts are substrates for the human nucleotide incision repair pathway. And the article contained the following:

Background: Oxygen free radicals induce lipid peroxidation (LPO) that damages and breaks polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes. LPO-derived aldehydes and hydroxyalkenals react with DNA leading to the formation of etheno(ε)-bases including 1,N6-ethenoadenine (εA) and 3,N4-ethenocytosine (εC). The εA and εC residues are highly mutagenic in mammalian cells and eliminated in the base excision repair (BER) pathway and/or by AlkB family proteins in the direct damage reversal process. BER initiated by DNA glycosylases is thought to be the major pathway for the removal of non-bulky endogenous base damage. Alternatively, in the nucleotide incision repair (NIR) pathway, the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) endonucleases can directly incise DNA duplex 5′ to a damaged base in a DNA glycosylase-independent manner. Methodol./Principal Findings: Here we have characterized the substrate specificity of human major AP endonuclease 1, APE1, towards εA, εC, thymine glycol (Tg) and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8oxoG) residues when present in duplex DNA. APE1 cleaves oligonucleotide duplexes containing εA, εC and Tg, but not those containing 8oxoG. Activity depends strongly on sequence context. The apparent kinetic parameters of the reactions suggest that APE1 has a high affinity for DNA containing ε-bases but cleaves DNA duplexes at an extremely slow rate. Consistent with this observation, oligonucleotide duplexes containing an ε-base strongly inhibit AP site nicking activity of APE1 with IC50 values in the range of 5-10 nM. MALDI-TOF MS anal. of the reaction products demonstrated that APE1-catalyzed cleavage of εA·T and εC·G duplexes generates, as expected, DNA fragments containing 5′-terminal ε-base residue. Conclusions/Significance: The fact that ε-bases and Tg in duplex DNA are recognized and cleaved by APE1 in vitro, suggests that NIR may act as a backup pathway to BER to remove a large variety of genotoxic base lesions in human cells. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).Formula: C6H5N3O

The Article related to ape1 dna adduct nucleotide incision repair pathway, Enzymes: Substrates-Cofactors-Inhibitors-Activators-Coenzymes-Products and other aspects.Formula: C6H5N3O

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Li, Zutan; Jiang, Hangjin; Kong, Lingpeng; Chen, Yuanyuan; Lang, Kun; Fan, Xiaodan; Zhang, Liangyun; Cong, Pian published an article in 2021, the title of the article was Deep6mA: A deep learning framework for exploring similar patterns in DNA N6-methyladenine sites across different species.Recommanded Product: 443-72-1 And the article contains the following content:

N6-methyladenine (6mA) is an important DNA modification form associated with a wide range of biol. processes. Identifying accurately 6mA sites on a genomic scale is crucial for under-standing of 6mA’s biol. functions. However, the existing exptl. techniques for detecting 6mA sites are cost-ineffective, which implies the great need of developing new computational methods for this problem. In this paper, we developed, without requiring any prior knowledge of 6mA and manually crafted sequence features, a deep learning framework named Deep6mA to identify DNA 6mA sites, and its performance is superior to other DNA 6mA prediction tools. Specifically, the 5-fold cross-validation on a benchmark dataset of rice gives the sensitivity and specificity of Deep6mA as 92.96% and 95.06%, resp., and the overall prediction accuracy is 94%. Importantly, we find that the sequences with 6mA sites share similar patterns across different species. The model trained with rice data predicts well the 6mA sites of other three species: Arabidopsis thaliana, Fragaria vesca and Rosa chinensis with a prediction accuracy over 90%. In addition, we find that (1) 6mA tends to occur at GAGG motifs, which means the sequence near the 6mA site may be conservative; (2) 6mA is enriched in the TATA box of the promoter, which may be the main source of its regulating downstream gene expression. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-Methyl-7H-purin-6-amine(cas: 443-72-1).Recommanded Product: 443-72-1

The Article related to arabidopsis fragaria rosa n6 methyladenine dna, Plant Biochemistry: Photosynthesis (Algae, Bacteria, and Green Plants) and other aspects.Recommanded Product: 443-72-1

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Saparbaev, M.; Laval, J. published an article in 1999, the title of the article was Enzymology of the repair of etheno adducts in mammalian cells and in Escherichia coli.Application In Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one And the article contains the following content:

Exocyclic adducts are generated in cellular DNA by reaction with epoxides that are formed metabolically from various industrial pollutants and by reaction with activated aldehydes that arise during membrane lipid peroxidation The etheno (ε) derivatives of purine and pyrimidine bases, e.g. 3,N4-ethenocytosine, 1,N6-ethenoadenine, N2,3-ethenoguanine and 1,N2-ethenoguanine, are probably involved in carcinogenesis because they are highly mutagenic and genotoxic. Therefore, the repair processes that eliminate exocyclic adducts from DNA should play a crucial role in maintaining the stability of the genetic information. The DNA glycosylases implicated in the repair of etheno adducts have been identified. Human and Escherichia coli 3-methyladenine-DNA-glycosylases excise 1,N6-ethenoadenine residues. We have identified two homologous proteins present in human cells and E. coli that remove 3,N4-ethenocytosine residues by DNA glycosylase activity. The human enzyme is an activity of the mismatch-specific thymine-DNA glycosylase, while the bacterial enzyme is an activity of the double-stranded uracil-DNA glycosylase, i.e., the homolog of the human enzyme. The fact that 1,N6-ethenoadenine and 3,N4-ethenocytosine are recognized and efficiently excised by DNA glycosylases in vitro suggests that these enzymes may be responsible for the repair of these mutagenic lesions in vivo and may contribute importantly to genetic stability. The experimental process involved the reaction of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one(cas: 55662-66-3).Application In Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one

The Article related to dna glycosylase etheno adduct repair, Enzymes: Substrates-Cofactors-Inhibitors-Activators-Coenzymes-Products and other aspects.Application In Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5(6H)-one

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On December 19, 2019, Aspnes, Gary Erik; Bagley, Scott W.; Conn, Edward L.; Curto, John M.; Edmonds, David James; Flanagan, Mark E.; Futatsugi, Kentaro; Griffith, David A.; Huard, Kim; Limberakis, Chris; Mathiowetz, Alan M.; Piotrowski, David W.; Ruggeri, Roger B. published a patent.Electric Literature of 1255717-13-5 The title of the patent was GLP-1 receptor agonists and uses thereof. And the patent contained the following:

Provided herein are 6-carboxylic acids of benzimidazoles and 4-aza-, 5-aza-, and 7-aza- benzimidazoles as GLP-1R agonists, processes to make said compounds, and methods comprising administering said compounds to a mammal in need thereof. The experimental process involved the reaction of (1-Ethyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methanamine dihydrochloride(cas: 1255717-13-5).Electric Literature of 1255717-13-5

The Article related to glp1 receptor agonist benzimidazole preparation cardiometabolic disease, Pharmacology: Effects Of Cardiovascular, Hematologic, and Renal Drugs and other aspects.Electric Literature of 1255717-13-5

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Cao, Siyu; Yoshio, Masafumi; Seki, Atsushi published an article in 2020, the title of the article was Ion-conductive nanostructured polymer films formed by photopolymerization of lyotropic columnar liquid-crystalline monomers, composed of a zwitterionic compound and a protic ionic liquid.Related Products of 5036-48-6 And the article contains the following content:

Here, we report on a new family of columnar nanostructured polymer films forming protic nanochannels that exhibit good ionic conductivities in the order of 10-4-10-3 S cm-1 at ambient temperature These polymer films were obtained by the in situ photopolymerization of lyotropic columnar liquid crystals, consisting of a polymerizable taper-shaped zwitterionic compound and a protic ionic liquid (imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide), in the presence of 15 wt% water. The composition of the protic ionic liquid in the mixture was changed from 40 to 60 mol%. The ionic conductivities were measured by an a.c. impedance method. The ionic conductivity increased with the increase of the protic ionic liquid The conductivities of columnar nanostructured polymer films were about 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than those of amorphous polymer films prepared by photopolymerization of the corresponding monomers in an isotropic liquid state. The formation of nanochannels in the polymer matrixes significantly enhanced the ion conduction. The present two-component lyotropic liquid-crystalline self-assembly followed by photopolymerization is a promising approach to the development of high ion-conductive polymer membranes. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(3-Aminopropyl)-imidazole(cas: 5036-48-6).Related Products of 5036-48-6

The Article related to lyotropic columnar liquid crystalline monomer photopolymerization ionic conductivity, Physical Properties of Synthetic High Polymers: Physical Properties Of Polymers and other aspects.Related Products of 5036-48-6

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On September 27, 2022, Le, My Linh; Grzetic, Douglas J.; Delaney, Kris T.; Yang, Kai-Chieh; Xie, Shuyi; Fredrickson, Glenn H.; Chabinyc, Michael L.; Segalman, Rachel A. published an article.Safety of N-(3-Aminopropyl)-imidazole The title of the article was Electrostatic Interactions Control the Nanostructure of Conjugated Polyelectrolyte-Polymeric Ionic Liquid Blends. And the article contained the following:

Polyelectrolyte complexation offers unique opportunities to compatibilize polymers with different backbone chemistries and to control the morphol. of the resulting blend via electrostatic manipulation. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to formulate homogeneous complexes of a conjugated polyelectrolyte with a polymeric ionic liquid, utilizing the electrostatic attraction among their oppositely charged side chains. Variation of electrostatic parameters, such as counterion concentration or polymer charge fraction, tunes the morphol. of these polymer complexes from homogeneously disordered blend to weakly structured microemulsion where the local ordering arises from backbone-immiscibility-induced microphase segregation. Our exptl. observations are in qual. agreement with both field-theoretic simulation and RPA calculations Simulated morphol. snapshots suggest and exptl. evidence also indicates that the microphase-segregated complex likely takes on a cocontinuous microemulsion structure. Our findings show that ionic interactions are an effective pathway to compatibilize polymers at macroscopic length scales while achieving controlled nanostructures in these ionic blends. Such systems have great potential for engineering the nanostructure of polymers to tailor applications such as nanofiltration, catalysis, and energy storage, where local ordering can enhance the phys. properties of an otherwise macroscopically homogeneous structure. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(3-Aminopropyl)-imidazole(cas: 5036-48-6).Safety of N-(3-Aminopropyl)-imidazole

The Article related to electrostatic nanostructure conjugated polyelectrolyte polymeric ionic liquid blend, Physical Properties of Synthetic High Polymers: Physical Properties Of Polymers and other aspects.Safety of N-(3-Aminopropyl)-imidazole

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem