Category: imidazoles-derivatives

On March 31, 2013, Ringer, Simone K.; Portier, Karine; Torgerson, Paul R.; Castagno, Rachel; Bettschart-Wolfensberger, Regula published an article.HPLC of Formula: 65896-14-2 The title of the article was The effects of a loading dose followed by constant rate infusion of xylazine compared with romifidine on sedation, ataxia and response to stimuli in horses. And the article contained the following:

Objective: To compare xylazine and romifidine constant rate infusion (CRI) protocols regarding degree of sedation, and effects on postural instability (PI), ataxia during motion (A) and reaction to different stimuli. Study design: Blinded randomized exptl. cross-over study. Animals: Ten adult horses. Methods: Degree of sedation was assessed by head height above ground (HHAG). Effects on PI, A and reaction to visual, tactile and acoustic stimulation were assessed by numerical rating scale (NRS) and by visual analog scale (VAS). After baseline measurements, horses were sedated by i.v. loading doses of xylazine (1 mg kg-1) or romifidine (80 渭g kg-1) administered over 3 min, immediately followed by a CRI of xylazine (0.69 mg kg-1 hour-1) or romifidine (30 渭g kg-1 hour-1) which was administered for 120 min. Degree of sedation, PI, A and reaction to the different stimuli were measured at different time points before, during and for one hour after discontinuing drug administration. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures anova, a Generalized Linear Model and a Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test (p < 0.05). Results Significant changes over time were seen for all variables. With xylazine HHAG was significantly lower 10 min after the loading dose, and higher at 150 and 180 min (i.e. after CRI cessation) compared to romifidine. Reaction to acoustic stimulation was significantly more pronounced with xylazine. Reaction to visual stimulation was greater with xylazine at 145 and 175 min. PI was consistently but not significantly greater with xylazine during the first 30 min. Reaction to touch and A did not differ between treatments. Compared to romifidine, horses were more responsive to metallic noise with xylazine. Conclusions: Time to maximal sedation and to recovery were longer with romifidine than with xylazine. Clin. relevance With romifidine sufficient time should be allowed for complete sedation before manipulation. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).HPLC of Formula: 65896-14-2

The Article related to sedative xylasol sedivet dose sedation ataxia, constant rate infusion stimulus horse, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.HPLC of Formula: 65896-14-2

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On September 30, 2009, Leece, Elizabeth A.; Girard, Nicolas M.; Maddern, Kieren published an article.Product Details of 65896-14-2 The title of the article was Alfaxalone in cyclodextrin for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in ponies undergoing field castration. And the article contained the following:

To evaluate the induction and maintenance of anesthesia using alfaxalone following pre-anesthetic medication with romifidine and butorphanol in ponies undergoing castration in the field. Prospective clin. study. Seventeen male ponies weighing 169 卤 29 kg. The ponies were sedated with romifidine and butorphanol i.v. Induction time was recorded following administration of alfaxalone 1 mg/kg-1 and diazepam 0.02 mg kg-1 i.v. If movement during surgery occurred, alfaxalone 0.2 mg kg-1 was administered i.v. The quality of anesthetic induction, and recovery were scored on a subjective scale of 1 (good) to 5 (poor). The number of attempts to attain sternal recumbency and standing, quality of recovery and times from induction to end of surgery, first head lift, sternal recumbency and standing were recorded. Induction quality was good [median score (range) 1 (1-3)] with a mean 卤 SD time of 29 卤 6 s taken to achieve lateral recumbency. Ten ponies required incremental doses of alfaxalone during surgery. Mean times to the end of surgery, first head lift, sternal recumbency and standing were 26 卤 9 min, 31 卤 9 min., 33 卤 9 min and 34 卤 9 min resp. The number of attempts to attain sternal recumbency was 1(1-1) and to attain standing was 1(1-2). Quality of recovery was good, with a recovery score of 1(1-2). Alfaxalone provided smooth induction and recovery characteristics and was considered suitable for maintenance of anesthesia for castration in ponies. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).Product Details of 65896-14-2

The Article related to alfaxan romifidine butorphanol cyclodextrin anesthetic anesthesia castration horse, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.Product Details of 65896-14-2

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On December 31, 2013, Chesnel, M. A.; Clutton, R. E. published an article.Safety of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride The title of the article was A comparison of two morphine doses on the quality of recovery from general anaesthesia in horses. And the article contained the following:

Previous studies indicated that perioperative morphine improves recovery quality after general anesthesia in horses. This clin. trial investigated whether this effect was dose-dependant. Twenty-six horses anesthetized for surgery were block-randomised to receive one of two intraoperative morphine treatments: Treatment M1 consisted of a constant rate infusion (CRI) of morphine at 0.1 mg/kg/h, begun after a loading dose (LD) of 0.15 mg/kg. Treatment M2 was a CRI of 0.2 mg/kg/h preceded by an LD of 0.3 mg/kg. During recovery, times at the first attempt and at achieving sternal recumbency and standing, and the total recovery duration were not different between groups. Total recovery quality score was not significantly different between groups. Scores for the “sternal phase” were higher (of poorer quality) for M2 but scores in both groups were low. Morphine doses of M2, which are greater than those described previously, do not appear to alter or improve the quality or duration of recovery in horses after surgical anesthesia. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).Safety of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride

The Article related to morphine sulfate anesthesia horse, anaesthesia, horse, morphine, recovery quality, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.Safety of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

Marntell, S.; Nyman, G.; Funkquist, P. published an article in 2006, the title of the article was Dissociative anaesthesia during field and hospital conditions for castration of colts.Application of 65896-14-2 And the article contains the following content:

The principal aim of this study was to evaluate dissociative anesthesia for castration of colts during field conditions. Three dissociative anesthetic protocols were evaluated during castration of colts in an animal hospital. The protocol considered to be the most suitable was thereafter evaluated during castration of colts under field conditions. Respiratory and hemodynamic parameters and the response to surgery were determined during anesthesia. All horses breathed air spontaneously during anesthesia. Under hospital conditions 26 colts were randomized to receive one of three anesthetic protocols: Romifidine and tiletamine-zolazepam (RZ); acepromazine, romifidine and tiletamine-zolazepam (ARZ); or acepromazine, romifidine, butorphanol and tiletamine-zolazepam (ARBZ). The surgeon was blinded to the anesthetic protocol used and decided whether supplemental anesthesia was needed to complete surgery. Under field conditions 31 colts were castrated during anesthesia with the ARBZ protocol. All inductions, anesthesia and recoveries were calm and without excitation under both hospital and field conditions. Surgery was performed within 5-20 min after the horses had assumed lateral recumbency during both hospital and field castrations. Under hospital conditions some horses needed supplemental anesthesia with all three anesthetic protocols to complete surgery. Interestingly, none of the horses castrated with protocol ARBZ under field conditions needed addnl. anesthesia. Cardiorespiratory changes were within acceptable limits in these clin. healthy colts. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).Application of 65896-14-2

The Article related to zoletil plegicil sedivet torbugesic anesthesia anesthetic castration horse, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.Application of 65896-14-2

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On November 30, 2007, Davison, Kathryn E.; Hughes, J. M. Lynne; Gormley, Eamonn; Lesellier, Sandrine; Costello, Eamon; Corner, Leigh A. L. published an article.Electric Literature of 65896-14-2 The title of the article was Evaluation of the anaesthetic effects of combinations of ketamine, medetomidine, romifidine and butorphanol in European badgers (Meles meles). And the article contained the following:

Objective: To evaluate the effects of three anesthetic combinations in adult European badgers (Meles meles). Study design: Prospective, randomized, blinded, exptl. trial. Animals: Sixteen captive adult badgers. Methods: The badgers were each anesthetized by i.m. injection using the three techniques assigned in random order: romifidine 0.18 mg kg-1, ketamine 10 mg kg-1 and butorphanol 0.1 mg kg-1 (RKB); medetomidine 0.1 mg kg-1, ketamine 9 mg kg-1 and butorphanol 0.1 mg kg-1 (MKB); and medetomidine 0.1 mg kg-1 and ketamine 10 mg kg-1 (MK). Initial drug doses were calculated based on a body mass of 10 kg. Addnl. anesthetic requirements, time to drug effect, duration of action and recovery from anesthesia were recorded. Heart rate and rhythm, respiratory rate and rhythm, rectal and s.c. microchip temperature and oxygen saturation were recorded every 5 min. Depth of anesthesia was assessed using: muscle tone; palpebral and pedal reflexes; and tongue relaxation at these time points. Blood samples and a tracheal aspirate were obtained under anesthesia. Atipamezole was administered if the badger had not recovered within 60 min Parametric data were analyzed using ANOVA for repeated measures, and nonparametric data using Friedman’s, and Cochran’s Q tests: p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: All combinations produced good or excellent muscle relaxation throughout the anesthetic period. RKB had the shortest duration of anesthesia (16.8 min compared with MKB 25.9 min and MK 25.5 min) and antagonism was not required. RKB depressed respiratory rate less than MK and MKB. There was no significant difference between techniques for heart rate and rhythm. Conclusions and clin. relevance: All combinations provided anesthetic conditions suitable for sampling and identification procedures in adult badgers. The RKB protocol provided a significantly shorter period of anesthesia when compared with the combinations containing medetomidine. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).Electric Literature of 65896-14-2

The Article related to anesthetic sedivet narketan torbugesic domitor anesthesia muscle relaxant, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.Electric Literature of 65896-14-2

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On January 31, 2004, El-Ghoul, W.; Zabady, M.; Saleh, I. published an article.Safety of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride The title of the article was Total intravenous anaesthesia in donkeys (Equus asinus): comparison of anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of four anaesthetic drug combinations. And the article contained the following:

Twenty eight mature donkeys subjected to elective surgery were randomly assigned to four groups of 7 donkeys. After premedication with 80 渭g/kg of romifidine and 0.4 mg/kg of diazepam administered i.v. anesthesia was induced either with 5 mg/kg IV thiopental sodium (group I), 2.2 mg/kg IV ketamine (group II), 3 mg/kg IV propofol (group III) or 5g/50kg IV chloral hydrate (group IV). Anesthesia was maintained with continuous i.v. infusion using a mixture of 1 g thiopental/25 g guaifenesin/30 mg romifidine in 500 mL 5% dextrose (group I), 500 mg ketamine/25 g guaifenesin/30 mg romifidine in 500 mL 5% dextrose (group II), 400 mg propofol/25 g guaifenesin/30 mg romifidine in 500 mL 5% dextrose (group III) or 25g chloral hydrate, 25 g guaifenesin/30 mg romifidine in 500 mL 5% dextrose (group IV). The anesthetic and cardiorespiratory responses to the four injectable anesthetic combinations are reported. The results indicated that the four anesthetic combinations could be used as a safe method of total i.v. anesthesia for short and prolonged surgical procedures under field conditions in donkeys. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).Safety of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride

The Article related to intravenous anesthesia drug combination cardiorespiratory effect hematol, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.Safety of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On July 31, 2009, Rohrbach, Helene; Korpivaara, Toni; Schatzmann, Urs; Spadavecchia, Claudia published an article.HPLC of Formula: 65896-14-2 The title of the article was Comparison of the effects of the alpha-2 agonists detomidine, romifidine and xylazine on nociceptive withdrawal reflex and temporal summation in horses. And the article contained the following:

To evaluate and compare the antinociceptive effects of the three alpha-2 agonists, detomidine, romifidine and xylazine at doses considered equipotent for sedation, using the nociceptive withdrawal reflex (NWR) and temporal summation model in standing horses. Prospective, blinded, randomized crossover study. Ten healthy adult horses weighing 527-645 kg and aged 11-21 years old. Elec. stimulation was applied to the digital nerves to evoke NWR and temporal summation in the left thoracic limb and pelvic limb of each horse. Electromyog. reflex activity was recorded from the common digital extensor and the cranial tibial muscles. After baseline measurements a single bolus dose of detomidine, 0.02 mg/kg-1, romifidine 0.08 mg/kg-1, or xylazine, 1 mg/kg-1, was administered i.v. Determinations of NWR and temporal summation thresholds were repeated at 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 70, 90, 100, 120, and 130 min after test-drug administration alternating the thoracic limb and the pelvic limb. Depth of sedation was assessed before measurements at each time point. Behavioral reaction was observed and recorded following each stimulation. The administration of detomidine, romifidine and xylazine significantly increased the current intensities necessary to evoke NWR and temporal summation in thoracic limbs and pelvic limbs of all horses compared with baseline. Xylazine increased NWR thresholds over baseline values for 60 min, while detomidine and romifidine increased NWR thresholds over baseline for 100 and 120 min, resp. Temporal summation thresholds were significantly increased for 40.70 and 130 min after xylazine, detomidine and romifidine, resp. Detomidine, romifidine and xylazine, administered i.v. at doses considered equipotent for sedation, significantly increased NWR and temporal summation thresholds, used as a measure of antinociceptive activity. The extent of maximal increase of NWR and temporal summation thresholds was comparable, while the duration of action was drug-specific. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).HPLC of Formula: 65896-14-2

The Article related to alpha 2 agonist domosedan sedivet rompun antinociceptive sedative horse, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.HPLC of Formula: 65896-14-2

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On June 30, 2003, Bienert, A.; Bartmann, C. P.; Von Oppen, T.; Poppe, C.; Schiemann, V.; Deegen, E. published an article.COA of Formula: C9H10BrClFN3 The title of the article was Recovery phase of horses after inhalant anesthesia with isofluorane (Isoflo) and postanaesthetic sedation with romifidine (Sedivet) or xylazine (Rompun). And the article contained the following:

Isofluorane is a modern, only slightly depressive inhalation anesthetic with excellent pharmacol. characteristics in use in equine medicine. In contrast to halothane, isofluorane is hardly broken down in the liver, but is eliminated by the lung. Its low solubility in blood permits excellent control of anesthesia. However, due to its swift elimination from the organism there is heightened risk of premature recovery from isofluorane anesthesia. In this study the recovery phases of 96 horses were monitored for its duration and the animals’ phys. coordination. The horses were divided into 4 groups. Two groups were sedated with xylazine, 1 of which received postanesthetic sedation with xylazine, the other saline solution only. The other 2 groups were sedated with romifidine, either with or without postanesthetic sedation after general anesthesia. In this study the horses of Group 4, sedated with 0.02 mg/kg BW romifidine at the moment of extubation, showed the best recovery phase. The number of attempts to arise was reduced and coordination was better. Similar results were obtained by postanesthetic sedation with 0.2 mg/kg BW xylazine (Group 2). Premedication with 0.08 mg/kg BW romifidine without postanesthetic sedation (Group 3) could be carried out at mean duration of anesthesia of 85 min with no neg. effects observed during the recovery period. Premedication with xylazine without postanesthetic sedation (Group 1) is not to be recommended, as the number of attempts to stand up was significantly higher and coordination was either weak or significantly poorer than in the other 3 groups. The results of this study show that post-anesthetic sedation of horses with an 伪2-adrenoceptor agonist can improve the recovery phase after inhalant anesthesia with isofluorance in regard to the number of attempts to arise and the animals phys. coordination. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).COA of Formula: C9H10BrClFN3

The Article related to isofluorane romifidine xylazine anesthesia sedation horse recovery, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.COA of Formula: C9H10BrClFN3

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

On January 31, 2012, Ringer, Simone K.; Portier, Karine G.; Fourel, Isabelle; Bettschart-Wolfensberger, Regula published an article.Category: imidazoles-derivatives The title of the article was Development of a romifidine constant rate infusion with or without butorphanol for standing sedation of horses. And the article contained the following:

Objective To determine constant rate infusion (CRI) protocols for romifidine (R) and romifidine combined with butorphanol (RB) resulting in constant sedation and romifidine plasma concentrations Study design Blinded randomized crossover study. Animals Ten adult research horses. Methods Part I: After determining normal height of head above ground (HHAG = 100%), loading doses of romifidine (80 渭g kg-1) with butorphanol (RB: 18 渭g kg-1) or saline (R) were given i.v. (IV). Immediately afterwards, a butorphanol (RB: 25 渭g kg-1 hour-1) or saline (R) CRI was administered for 2 h. The HHAG was used as marker of sedation depth. Sedation was maintained for 2 h by addnl. romifidine (20 渭g kg-1) whenever HHAG > 50%. The dose rate of romifidine (渭g kg-1 hour-1) required to maintain sedation was calculated for both treatments. Part II: After loading doses, the romifidine CRIs derived from part I were administered in parallel to butorphanol (RB) or saline (R). Sedation and ataxia were evaluated periodically. Romifidine plasma concentrations were measured by HPLC-MS-MS at 0, 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 105, and 120 min. Data were analyzed using paired t-test, Fisher’s exact test. Wilcoxon signed rank test, and two-way ANOVA for repeated measures (p < 0.05). Results There was no significant difference in romifidine requirements (R: 30; RB: 29 渭g kg-1 hour-1). CRI protocols leading to constant sedation were developed. Time to first addnl. romifidine bolus was significantly longer in RB (mean 卤 SD, R: 38.5 卤 13.6; RB: 50.5 卤 11.7 min). Constant plasma concentrations of romifidine were achieved during the second hour of CRI. Ataxia was greater when butorphanol was added. Conclusion Romifidine bolus, followed by CRI, provided constant sedation assessed by HHAG. Butorphanol was ineffective in reducing romifidine requirements in unstimulated horses, but prolonged the sedation caused by the initial romifidine bolus. Clin. relevance Both protocols need to be tested under clin. conditions. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).Category: imidazoles-derivatives

The Article related to sedative sedivet constant rate infusion morphasol sedation horse, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.Category: imidazoles-derivatives

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem

El-Kammar, M. H.; Gad, S. B.; Korittum, A. S. published an article in 2014, the title of the article was Evaluation of the sedative, analgesic, physiological and haematological effects of intravenous detomidine, detomidine-butorphanol, romifidine and romifidine-butorphanol in Baladi goats.Formula: C9H10BrClFN3 And the article contains the following content:

The present study was aimed to clarify and determine the sedative and analgesic effects of i.v. injection of detomidine, detomidine-butrophanol, romifidine and romifidine-butorphanol in Egyptian Baladi goats and to evaluate the most efficient treatment regimen for induction of sedation and analgesia with the least adverse effects on clinicophysiol. and hematol. parameters. Six baladi goats, three males and three females weighing 25-35 kg were studied in prospective randomized exptl. anesthetic trial. Four i.v. treatments of detomidine, detomidine-butorphanol, romifidine and romifidine-butorphanol were administered to each goat using: 0.04 mg/kg body weight detomidine, 0.04 mg/kg body weight detomidine plus 0.03 mg/kg body weight butorphanol, 0.05 mg/kg body weight romifidine and 0.03 mg/kg body weight romifidine plus 0.05 mg/kg body weight butorphanol. The pulse rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, sedation, analgesia, ataxia, Hb, packed cell volume percentage, differential leukocytic count, serum glucose, creatinine, urea, Aspartate aminotransferase and Alanine aminotransferase were evaluated. Marked sedation and complete analgesia was observed after detomidine-butorphanol and romifidine-butorphanol injections. Frequent urination and obvious watery salivation with tympany were observed in all treated goats. A significant reduction in pulse rate was observed in all goats compared to baseline value (p<0.05). Changes in clinicophysiol. and haematol. parameters were transient with no obvious systemic effects. I.v. injection of 0.04 mg/kg body weight detomidine combined with 0.03 mg/kg body weight butorphanol or i.v. injection of 0.05 mg/kg body weight romifidine combined with 0.03 mg/kg body weight butorphanol showed a prolonged marked sedation and complete analgesia in Baladi goats than i.v. injection of detomidine or romifidine alone. The combination of butorphanol with detomidine or romifidine was induced bradycardia, which within acceptable value. The adverse effects on clinicophysiol. and haematol. values were mild, transient and within the physiol. limits. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).Formula: C9H10BrClFN3

The Article related to domosedan torbugesic sedivet sedative analgesic agent goat, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.Formula: C9H10BrClFN3

Referemce:
Imidazole – Wikipedia,
Imidazole | C3H4N2 – PubChem