The Article related to anesthetic imalgene ostrich sedivet pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.Formula: C9H10BrClFN3
On February 28, 2007, De Lucas, J. J.; Rodriguez, C.; Marin, M.; Gonzalez, F.; Ballesteros, C.; San Andres, M. I. published an article.Formula: C9H10BrClFN3 The title of the article was Pharmacokinetics of intramuscular ketamine in young ostriches premedicated with romifidine. And the article contained the following:
Ketamine is a short-acting dissociative anesthetic for chem. restraint and surgical anesthesia in domestic and non-domestic animals. The present study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of ketamine (10 mg/kg) after i.m. administration to young ostriches premedicated with romifidine. Ketamine was rapidly absorbed after i.m. administration. Maximal ketamine concentration (Cmax) of 2.93 卤 0.61 渭g/mL was reached at 12.5 卤 2.50 min and thereafter ketamine concentrations decreased rapidly. The elimination half-life (t1/2z) obtained was 62.37 卤 17.37 min and mean residence time (MRT) was 77.33 卤 19.12 min. The area under the curve (AUC) was 114.19 卤 15.76 渭g/min/mL. Effective chem. immobilization is often necessary in ratites to allow their safe handling. Ketamine is a short-acting dissociative anesthetic that can be used in combination with alpha-2 agonists. In previous studies, some drugs have showed important differences in pharmacol. behavior between ostriches and other avian and mammalian species; however, the pharmacokinetic behavior of ketamine in this species is unknown. For these reasons, the present study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetics of a single dose of ketamine after i.m. administration to young ostriches. Four healthy ostriches (4 mo old and weighing 25-30 kg) obtained from a breeding farm were used in this study. No antibiotics or antihelmintics were administered for at least 2 mo prior to the start of the study. The study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. All ostriches received 80 渭g/kg i.v. romifidine in the medial brachial vein (Sedivet 1%; Boehringer Ingelheim, Barcelona, Spain) and after 5 min they received 10 mg/kg ketamine injectable solution (Imalgene 1000; Merial. S.A., Barcelona, Spain) injected in the dorsal muscles of the pelvic region, corresponding to the iliotrochanterici and iliofemoralis muscles. During the experiment, each bird was closely observed Blood samples (1 mL) were collected from contralateral brachial veins with a 20-gauge needle attached to a 2-mL heparinized syringe at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 240 min after administration. Plasma was separated immediately in a refrigerated centrifuge and frozen at -20掳 until analyzed. The plasma concentrations of ketamine were measured by a high-performance liquid chromatog. (HPLC) method based on Geisslinger and Menzel-Soglowek (1991). Ketamine used for the preparation of calibration standards was supplied by Parke-Davis S.A. (Batch: AE18487). The anal. recovery was 89.0 卤 4.2%. The quantification limit of the assay method was 20 ng/mL and the standard curve was linear up to 10 渭g/mL. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were <6%. Data were expressed as arithmetic mean 卤 SD. Pharmacokinetic parameters for each animal after i.m. administration were determined by means of non-compartmental anal. (using PCNONLIN 4.0 program; Statistical Consultants, Inc., Lexington, KY, USA). Pharmacokinetic anal. of the concentration-time data was carried out using the non-compartmental method based on statistical moments theory. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule using concentration-time data from time 0 till the last measured concentration The observed plasma peak (Cmax) and time of Cmax (tmax) are reported. The reported effects and the doses recommended of 伪2-agonist and ketamine combinations in ostriches vary between different studies and also differ between adults and young birds. Currently, the doses described for ketamine in adult ostriches oscillate among 3-7 mg/kg and a combination with 伪2-agonist is indicated. However, there is limited information about the use of ketamine in young ostriches. A higher dose of ketamine by i.m. route in chicks and subadult ostriches than in adult birds is recommended by Burroughs (1996) (8-10 mg/kg of ketamine and 0.5-1 mg/kg of xylazine) and Jensen et al. (1994) (allometric scaled dosage: 21 mg/kg of ketamine and 4.5 mg/kg of xylazine). More recently, Paul-Murphy and Fialkkowski (2001) described a rapid induction in chicks (9-10 wk) using 5.0 mg/kg of ketamine and 1.0 mg/kg of xylazine, after i.v. administration. This difference in dosage requirements between age may be due to smaller size and high metabolic rate in young birds, excitable behavior, and/or age-related differences in the pharmacokinetic behavior of the drug. In the study, the ketamine dosage used (10 mg/kg) is in agreement with Burroughs (1996); however, the selected romifidine dose (0.080 mg/kg) was lower than that described for xylazine. These dosages reflect differences in the potency, because romifidine is reported to be more potent than xylazine. Hence, a lower dose of romifidine than xylazine must be used. The sedative efficacy of romifidine in avian species is unknown and there are no reports about its relative potency, for this reason, this dose was extrapolated from mammalian species. The mean 卤 SD plasma concentration vs. time curve after i.m. administration of ketamine in the ratites are shown in Fig. 1 and pharmacokinetic parameters obtained are presented in Table 1. Ketamine was rapidly absorbed after i.m. administration. A maximal concentration of 2.93 渭g/mL was reached at 12.5 min and thereafter, ketamine concentrations decreased rapidly similar to the situation in mammals after i.v. administration. In spite of the fact that the elimination of some drugs in ratites seems faster than that in other mammalian and avian species, the elimination half-life value obtained in this work (t1/2z, 62.37 min) was close to that described after ketamine i.m. administration in cats (t1/2尾, 67.8 min) or after i.v. administration in calves (t1/2尾, 54.2-58.6 min) and in horses (t1/2尾, 65.84 min), all premedicated with xylazine. In mammals, ketamine is rapidly biotransformed by hepatic N-demethylation to produce norketamine which may then undergo further oxidation of the cyclohexane ring. The presence of norketamine has been observed in cats, dogs, ponies, ruminants and swine, although the plasma concentrations may vary between species and with the circumstances relating to each study. However, in ostriches we did not detect any metabolite after ketamine administration although the chromatog. assay used provides for its determination It could be that in this species, ketamine hepatic N-demethylation does not play an important role in drug elimination (it is possible that in ostriches other metabolic routes could take part, or as occurs in horses, redistribution and/or excretion of the drug are so rapid that proportionally less is available for hepatic biotransformation. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-(2-Bromo-6-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine hydrochloride(cas: 65896-14-2).Formula: C9H10BrClFN3
The Article related to anesthetic imalgene ostrich sedivet pharmacokinetics, Pharmacology: Effects Of Nervous System- and Behavior-Affecting Drugs and Neuromuscular Agents and other aspects.Formula: C9H10BrClFN3
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